Fatores limitantes do consumo de capim-elefante cv. Napier utilizando vacas leiteiras confinadas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes and a ferulic acid esterase-producing inoculant on the fibre degradability, chemical composition and conservation characteristics of alfalfa silage

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of applying fibrolytic enzymes at ensiling, either alone or in combination with a ferulic acid esterase-producing bacterial silage inoculant, on the silage conservation characteristics and nutritive value of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L). Second-cut alfalfa (340 g DM/kg fresh crop) was harvested, wilted, chopped and sub-sampled into 24 batches. Samples were randomly allocated in triplicate to one of four enzyme product treatments supplying endoglucanases and xylanases: none (control), EN1, EN2, EN3; applied alone or in combination with a ferulic acid esterase-producing silage inoculant (FAEI). Treatments were arranged in a 4 x 2 factorial design. All enzyme treatments were applied at 2 ml enzyme product/kg herbage DM, and inoculant was applied at 1 x 10(5) cfu/g fresh herbage. Samples were packed into laboratory-scale silos and stored for 7, 27 or 70 days, and analysed for dry matter (DM) losses, aerobic stability, chemical composition and in vitro ruminal degradability. The use of enzymes did not affect (P>0.05) ensilage DM losses or lactic or acetic acid concentrations after 70 days of ensilage, compared to the control silage. Silage produced using EN1 had lesser neutral detergent fibre (aNDF, P=0.046) and acid detergent fibre (ADF; P=0.006) concentrations than control silage. However, no difference (P>0.05) was observed between the control silage and silage produced with EN1 for aNDF or ADF degradability (NDFD, ADFD). Silages produced with FAEI had greater DM losses (P=0.017) and pH (P<0.001) and lesser NDFD (P=0.019), ADFD (P=0.010) and proportion of lactic acid in the total fermentation products (P=0.006) after 70 days of ensilage, compared to uninoculated silages. The use of fibrolytic enzymes did not have a major effect on the ensilage fermentation of alfalfa, either ensiled alone or with an inoculant. No advantage in ruminal DM or fibre degradability was observed for silages produced with fibrolytic enzymes. The use of a ferulic acid esterase-producing inoculant alone did not improve the nutritive value of alfalfa silage, and did not promote any incremental effects when applied in combination with fibrolytic enzyme products. Crown Copyright (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Measurement of Radiant Energy using Pyroelectric Polymer/Ceramic Composite

Monitoring non-ionizing radiant energy is increasingly demanded for many applications such as automobile, biomedical and security system. Thermal type infrared (IR) sensors can operate at room temperature and pyroelectric materials have high sensitivity and accuracy for that application. Working as thermal transducer pyroelectric sensor converts the non-quantified thermal flux into the output measurable quantity of electrical charge, voltage or current. In the present study the composite made of poly(vinylidene fluoride) -PVDF and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) partially recovered with polyaniline (PAni) conductor polymer has been used as sensor element. The pyroelectric coefficient p(T) was obtained by measuring the pyroelectric reversible current, i.e., measuring the thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) after removing all irreversible contribution to the current such as injected charge during polarization of the sample. To analyze the sensing property of the pyroelectric material, the sensor is irradiated by a high power light source (halogen lamp of 250 W) that is chopped providing a modulated radiation. A device assembled in the laboratory is used to change the light intensity sensor, an aluminum strip having openings with diameters ranging from 1 to 10 mm incremented by one millimeter. The sensor element is assembled between two electrodes while its frontal surface is painted black ink to maximize the light absorption. The signal from the sensor is measured by a Lock-In amplifier model SR530 -Stanford Research Systems. The behavior of the output voltage for an input power at several frequencies for PZT-PAni/PVDF (30/ 70 vol%) composite follows the inverse power law (1/ f) and the linearity can be observed in the frequency range used.

Cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada para vacas em lactação

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FCAV

Processing and characterization of ablative composites used in rocket motors

The main objective of this research work was to obtain two formulations of ablative composites. These composites are also known as ablative structural composites, for applications in atmospherically severe conditions according to the high-temperature, hot gaseous products flow generated from the burning of solid propellants. The formulations were manufactured with phenolic resin reinforced with chopped carbon fiber. The composites were obtained by the hot compression molding technique. Another purpose of this work was to conduct the physical and chemical characterization of the matrix, the reinforcements and the composites. After the characterization, a nozzle divergent of each formulation was manufactured and its performance was evaluated through the rocket motor static firing test. According to the results found in this work, it was possible to observe through the characterization of the raw materials that phenolic resins showed peculiarities in their properties that differentiate one from the other, but did not exhibit significant differences in performance as a composite material for use in ablation conditions. Both composites showed good performance for use in thermal protection, confirmed by firing static tests (rocket motor). Composites made with phenolic resin and chopped carbon fiber showed that it is a material with excellent resistance to ablation process. This composite can be used to produce nozzle parts with complex geometry or shapes and low manufacturing cost.

Microtensile Bond Strenh Between Indirect Composite Resin Inlays and Dentin: Effect of Cementation Strategy and Mechanical Aging

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Processamento do compósito de fibra de capim-sapê / epóxi e avaliação da resistência à flexão “t” de Student

In recent years a great worldwide interest has arisen for the development of new technologies that enable the use of products with less environmental impact. The replacement of synthetic fiber plants is a possibility very important because this fiber is renewable, biodegradable and few cost and cause less environmental impact. Given the above, this work proposes to develop polymeric composites of epoxy resin and study the behavior of these materials. Both, the epoxy resin used as matrix in the manufacture of sapegrass fiber composite, as tree composites formed by: epoxy/unidirectional sapegrass long fiber, 75% epoxy/25% short fiber, by volume, and 80% epoxy/20% short fiber, by volume, were characterized by bending, and the composites produced with short fibers random were inspected by Optical Microscopy and Acoustics Inspection (C-Scan). For the analysis of the sapegrass fiber morphology, composites 75% epoxy/25% short fiber (sheet chopped) and 80% epoxy/20% short fiber images were obtained by optical microscope and the adhesion between polymer/fiber was visualized. As results, the flexural strength of composites epoxy/unidirectional long fibers, 75% epoxy/25% short fiber and 80% epoxy/20% short fiber were 70.36 MPa, 21.26 MPa, 25.07 MPa, respectively. Being that composite showed that the best results was made up of long fibers, because it had a value of higher flexural strength than other composites analyzed

Política judiciária e razoável duração do processo: democratização institucional e balizas judiciárias

Pós-graduação em Direito - FCHS

Efeito do tamanho de partícula na ensilabilidade e no valor nutritivo de silagens de cana-de-açúcar para bovinos de corte

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FCAV

Supercritical carbonation treatment on extruded fibre-cement reinforced with vegetable fibres

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of fresh sugarcane hydrolysed with calcium oxide (CaO)

The objective was to evaluate the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of sugarcane hydrolysed with increasing doses of calcium oxide and varying air exposure times. A completely randomised, split plot design was used; the doses were allocated to the plots, and the air exposure times were allocated to the subplots, with four repetitions. The data underwent analysis of variance and were laid out according to the effect of the treatment on the components of polynomial regressions, and evaluated at the 5% probability. The increase in the dosage negatively affected the quantities of neutral-detergent fibre (NDF), acid-detergent fibre (ADF), lignin (LIG), total carbohydrates (TC), cellulose (CEL), crude protein (CP), and ether extract (EE); and positively affected the quantities of non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and mineral matter (MM). The addition of calcium oxide improved the in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDMD) coefficients and was able to keep up to 72 hours. The in vitro digestibility of the neutral-detergent fibre (IVDNDF) and of the acid-detergent fibre (IVDADF) coefficients decreased when calcium oxide was added. Calcium oxide has the ability to hydrolyse the fibrous fraction and conserve chopped sugarcane. Doses of 0.5 and 1.0% lime exhibited similar results to those achieved at higher doses; therefore, higher doses are not required in the hydrolyses of sugarcane. Over time, the sugarcane deteriorates, but this deterioration is reduced by the addition of calcium oxide.

Qualidade de cebola minimamente processada em diferentes tipos de cortes

The high perishability of the onion has limited its conservation period and caused great post-harvest losses. The need of consuming fresh products has led the market of minimally processed products to considerably rise. Cut operations during the minimal processing may not only cause important biochemical reactions in the onion tissues, but also affect its sensorial quality, resulting in a drastic reduction in the post-harvest life of the product. In this study the influence of different cut types was assessed on the quality of minimally processed onions. 'Baia Periforme'onions were transported to the laboratory, where they were selected, cleaned, classified, peeled, minimally processed into slices, grated and chopped, and subsequently sanitized for 10 minutes in sodium hypochlorite at 100 mg L-1. The product was kept on polystyrene trays covered with plastic film (PVC) as 80 g portions and conserved in a cold chamber at 5 +/- 1 degrees C and 85 +/- 5% RH, during 6 days. Physical, chemical and physico-chemical assays were carried out. Statistical design was completely randomized with 3 treatments and 3 replications (plot group) and 5 replicationss for the control group. For sensorial analysis (aspect and smell), 10 replications were used. To compare means, Tukey test at 5% significance was adopted. During the refrigerated conservation, sliced onions kept more stable levels of soluble solids, titratable acidity, total sugars, reducing and non-reducing sugars. The grated onion was superior considering the sensorial characteristics, indicating that the cut types interfered in these features and the grated onion was more accepted by evaluators.

The application of neural networks to the analysis of dissolved gases in insulating oil used in transformers

The state of insulating oils used in transformers is determined through the accomplishment of physical-chemical tests, which determine the state of the oil, as well as the chromatography test, which determines possible faults in the equipment. This article concentrate on determining, from a new methodology, a relationship among the variation of the indices obtained from the physical-chemical tests with those indices supplied by the chromatography tests.The determination of the relationship among the tests is accomplished through the application of neural networks. From the data obtained by physical-chemical tests, the network is capable to determine the relationship among the concentration of the main gases present in a certain sample, which were detected by the chromatography tests.More specifically, the proposed approach uses neural networks of perceptron type constituted of multiple layers. After the process of network training, it is possible to determine the existent relationship between the physical-chemical tests and the amount of gases present in the insulating oil.

Erva mate minimiza as alterações do perfil lipídico promovidas por elevado consumo de sacarose

The yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is composed of bioactive that interfere with lipid metabolism. The objective was to evaluate if daily consumption of mate tea (MT) change the lipid deposits and dyslipidemia caused by excessive consumption of sucrose. Thirty male Wistar rats (40 days old) were divided into four groups: Group C - free access to commercial chow and deionized water; S - free access to commercial food, water and sucrose solution 30% (w/v) in water; MTS and deionized - free access to commercial feed solution, water, 30% sucrose (w/v) and treated with daily infusion of MT (soluble mate Leão Júnior®) via orogastric tube at a dose of 100 mg/kg/mc for 8 weeks. After the trial period the lipid profile was evaluated by the following parameters: a) direct weighing of the retroperitoneal (RP) and epididymal (EPI) adipose tissues; b) determination of plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol concentration. The MT promoted the reduction of 1.4 times in both tissues RP and EPI in MTS group compared to group S. Treatment with MT decreased 2.7 times triglyceride in the MTS group compared with the group S. The sucrose consumption did not alter the plasma cholesterol concentration, however the consumption of MT significantly reduced total cholesterol circulating. The HDL cholesterol concentration, in the MTS group, showed higher concentration than in group S (1.3 times). MT prevents in young male rats the increase of lipid deposits and dyslipidemia caused by excessive consumption of sucrose.