Intraocular pressure evaluation of equines anesthetized with romifidine, tiletamine/zolazepam, halothane and vecuronium

O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar uma associação anestésica com e sem a utilização de relaxante muscular não-despolarizante e seu efeito sobre a pressão intra-ocular de eqüinos. Também objetivou-se uma técnica anestésica sem efeitos adversos que possa ser utilizada em procedimentos e cirurgias oftálmicas nesta espécie animal. Para tanto, dezesseis eqüinos foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de oito animais cada. Os animais do grupo I foram pré-medicados com romifidina, induzidos com tiletamina/zolazepam e a anestesia foi mantida com halotano e vecurônio. Os animais do grupo II receberam a mesma associação anestésica, com exceção do vecurônio. No decorrer do experimento, a pressão intra-ocular, a pressão arterial e a freqüência cardíaca foram avaliadas em diferentes momentos. A associação anestésica composta pela romifidina, tiletamina/ zolazepam e halotano com e sem vecurônio não promoveu alterações estatisticamente significativas na pressão intra-ocular de eqüinos e o seu uso é exeqüível em procedimentos oftálmicos nesta espécie animal.

Anesthetic induction with guaifenesin and propofol in adult horses

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Effects of butorphanol on the minimum anesthetic concentration for sevoflurane in guineafowl (Numida meleagris)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Susceptibility of citrus species to Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of the Alternaria brown spot

Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of Alternaria brown spot (ABS), causes necrosis on leaves, twigs, and fruit, reducing the productivity and quality of fruits. Tangerines and their hybrids are highly susceptible to the disease. Species, hybrids, and cultivars of Citrus from the germplasm bank of the Estacao Experimental de Citricultura de Bebedouro, São Paulo, Brazil, were evaluated in 2004 and 2005 with respect to their resistance to A. alternata, both through natural infection and by inoculation. Detached leaves were also used to demonstrate susceptibility or resistance to the disease. Ten cultivars of Satsumas (Citrus unshiu), and 14 cultivars of Clementine mandarin (C. clementina) did not show any symptoms of the disease in their leaves, either through natural infection or when inoculated in the field. The Burguess SRA-412, Wallent SRA-438, Carvalhais, Ampefy SRA-459, Ananas SRA, and Macaque SRA-426 mandarin hybrids (C. reticulata) did not show symptoms of the disease under natural or artificial infection in the field. Some cultivars of C. deliciosa, C. tangerina, C. erythrosa, and C. temple showed symptoms of the disease, even though no previous record of their susceptibility to Alternaria brown spot had been previously reported. The hybrids Fairchild, Nova, Page, Fortune, and Sunburst were susceptible to the disease. However, Fremont mandarin (a crossing between C. clementina and C. reticulata), Encore (C. nobilis x C. deliciosa), and Fallglo (C. reticulata x C. paradisi) did not show symptoms in field, and few symptoms were verified in detached leaves. These materials are promising for the cultivation of tangerines, and will enable genetic improvement for the development of cultivars resistant to Alternaria brown spot. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Biofertilizer for control of Guignardia citricarpa, the causal agent of citrus black spot

Biofertilizers generated from the anaerobic and aerobic digestion of cattle manure, known as Bio1 and Bio2, respectively, were studied with regard to their microbial composition and effect on the mycelial growth of Phyllosticta citricarpa, the causal agent of citrus black spot (CBS). Two field experiments were conducted to determine the biofertilizer's potential (Bio1) in controlling CBS (2001/2002 and 2002/2003 crops). It was observed that the greatest number of microorganisms was found in the aerobically produced biofertilizer. Bio2 did not inhibit the mycelial growth of P. citricarpa. Mycelial growth of P. citricarpa was inversely proportional to the Bio1 biofertilizer concentration. In the 2001/2002 cropping season, the Biol effect in controlling CBS was directly proportional to its concentration, at the rate of 0 (healthy fruit), with R-2 = 0.88. Biol had a significant effect in controlling CBS, at a concentration of 10%, during the 2001/2002 cropping season, with DI values of 0.246 and 0.229 for the. 10 and 20% doses, respectively, compared to DI of 0.329 for the control. A directly proportional effect of the biofertilizer concentration on the percentage of fruits with a rating of zero was. also observed in the 2002/2003 cropping season, with R-2 = 0.48. However, even at doses higher than in the preceding cropping season, the biofertilizer was less effective, possibly due to a higher occurrence of the disease. Copper oxychloride and combined applications of copper oxychloride and carbendazim plus mancozeb controlled the disease. The possibility of using the biofertilizer as a protective biofungicide to replace copper oxychloride, especially in organic agriculture, should be explored. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus as a control agent of the fungus gnat Bradysia matogrossensis in commercial production of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

A new method for inoculation of fruit with Guignardia citricarpa, the causal agent of citrus black spot

Citrus black spot (CBS) is a fungal disease, caused by Guignardia citricarpa, that has a high economic impact on citrus. Although G. citricarpa has been associated with black spot of citrus, an adequate pathogenicity test is still not available. Thus, our objective was to develop and evaluate a simple, safe, and practical pathogenicity test. We used fruits from Pera-Rio and Valencia sweet orange trees from two different orchards, located in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Inoculation was performed by placing six disks colonized by G. citricarpa, onto the peel of healthy fruits, previously bagged. In the Pera-Rio sweet orange grove, initial symptoms of the false melanose type resulting from the inoculations were observed 55 days after inoculation (dai). In the Valencia grove, initial symptoms also of the false melanose type resulting from the inoculations occurred 73 dai. A total of 92.8% and 86.6% of the Pera Rio and Valencia fruits inoculated, respectively, showed symptoms of CBS. Citrus black spot symptoms were not observed in any of the control fruits.

Genetic Diversity and Population Differentiation of the Causal Agent of Citrus Black Spot in Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Potential tuberculostatic agent: Micelle-forming pyrazinamide prodrug

Pyrazinamide was condensed with the poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(aspartic acid) copolymer (PEG-PASP), a micelle-forming derivative was obtained that was characterized in terms of its critical micelle concentration (CMC) and micelle diameter. The CMC was found by observing the solubility of Sudan III in Poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(pyrazinamidomethyl aspartate) copolymer (PEG-PASP-PZA) solutions. The mean diameter of PEG-PASP-PZA micelles, obtained by analyzing the dynamic light-scattering data, was 78.2 nm. The PEG-PASP-PZA derivative, when assayed for anti-Mycobacterium activity, exhibited stronger activity than the simple drug.

Spectrophotometric determination of ceftazidime in pharmaceutical preparations using neocuproin as a complexing agent

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Experience generalization for multi-agent reinforcement learning

On-line learning methods have been applied successfully in multi-agent systems to achieve coordination among agents. Learning in multi-agent systems implies in a non-stationary scenario perceived by the agents, since the behavior of other agents may change as they simultaneously learn how to improve their actions. Non-stationary scenarios can be modeled as Markov Games, which can be solved using the Minimax-Q algorithm a combination of Q-learning (a Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm which directly learns an optimal control policy) and the Minimax algorithm. However, finding optimal control policies using any RL algorithm (Q-learning and Minimax-Q included) can be very time consuming. Trying to improve the learning time of Q-learning, we considered the QS-algorithm. in which a single experience can update more than a single action value by using a spreading function. In this paper, we contribute a Minimax-QS algorithm which combines the Minimax-Q algorithm and the QS-algorithm. We conduct a series of empirical evaluation of the algorithm in a simplified simulator of the soccer domain. We show that even using a very simple domain-dependent spreading function, the performance of the learning algorithm can be improved.

Experimental and theoretical studies on the enhanced photoluminescence activity of zinc sulfide with a capping agent

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Direct and simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of Ni (II) and Co (II) using diethanoldithiocarbamate as complexing agent

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Multi-Agent Simulation of Urban Social Dynamics for Spatial Load Forecasting

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Screening of Formulation Variables for the Preparation of Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) Nanocapsules Containing the Local Anesthetic Benzocaine

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)