Phase-Locked loops lock-in range in Frequency Modulated-Atomic Force Microscope nonlinear control system

Since the mid 1980s the Atomic Force Microscope is one the most powerful tools to perform surface investigation, and since 1995 Non-Contact AFM achieved true atomic resolution. The Frequency-Modulated Atomic Force Microscope (FM-AFM) operates in the dynamic mode, which means that the control system of the FM-AFM must force the micro-cantilever to oscillate with constant amplitude and frequency. However, tip-sample interaction forces cause modulations in the microcantilever motion. A Phase-Locked loop (PLL) is used to demodulate the tip-sample interaction forces from the microcantilever motion. The demodulated signal is used as the feedback signal to the control system, and to generate both topographic and dissipation images. As a consequence, a proper design of the PLL is vital to the FM-AFM performance. In this work, using bifurcation analysis, the lock-in range of the PLL is determined as a function of the frequency shift (Q) of the microcantilever and of the other design parameters, providing a technique to properly design the PLL in the FM-AFM system. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Phase-Locked Loop design applied to frequency-modulated atomic force microscope

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Non-uniform drag force on the Fermi accelerator model

Some dynamical properties of a particle suffering the action of a generic drag force are obtained for a dissipative Fermi Acceleration model. The dissipation is introduced via a viscous drag force, like a gas, and is assumed to be proportional to a power of the velocity: F alpha -nu(gamma). The dynamics is described by a two-dimensional nonlinear area-contracting mapping obtained via the solution of Newton's second law of motion. We prove analytically that the decay of high energy is given by a continued fraction which recovers the following expressions: (i) linear for gamma = 1; (ii) exponential for gamma = 2; and (iii) second-degree polynomial type for gamma = 1.5. Our results are discussed for both the complete version and the simplified version. The procedure used in the present paper can be extended to many different kinds of system, including a class of billiards problems.

Theoretical Models for Surface Forces and Adhesion and Their Measurement Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Poly(glutamic acid) nanofibre modified glassy carbon electrode: Characterization by atomic force microscopy, voltammetry and electrochemical impedance

Glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) were modified with poly(glutamic acid) acid films prepared using three different procedures: glutamic acid monomer electropolymerization (MONO), evaporation of poly(glutamic acid) (PAG) and evaporation of a mixture of poly(glutamic acid)/glutaraldehyde (PAG/GLU). All three films showed good adherence to the electrode surface. The performance of the modified GCE was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry, and the films were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The three poly(glutamic acid) modified GCEs were tested using the electrochemical oxidation of ascorbic acid and a decrease of the overpotential and the improvement of the oxidation peak current was observed. The PAG modified electrode surfaces gave the best results. AFM morphological images showed a polymeric network film formed by well-defined nanofibres that may undergo extensive swelling in solution, allowing an easier electron transfer and higher oxidation peaks. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Label-free DNA detection of hepatitis C virus based on modified conducting polypyrrole films at microelectrodes and atomic force microscopy tip-integrated electrodes

We present a new strategy for the label-free electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization for detecting hepatitis C virus based on electrostatic modulation of the ion-exchange kinetics of a polypyrrole film deposited at microelectrodes. Synthetic single-stranded 18-mer HCV genotype-1-specific probe DNA has been immobilized at a 2,5-bis(2-thienyl)-N-(3-phosphoryl-n-alkyl)pyrrole film established by electropolymerization at the previously formed polypyrrole layer. HCV DNA sequences (244-mer) resulting from the reverse transcriptase-linked polymerase chain reaction amplification of the original viral RNA were monitored by affecting the ion-exchange properties of the polypyrrole film. The performance of this miniaturized DNA sensor system was studied in respect to selectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. The limit of detection was determined at 1.82 x 10(-21) mol L-1. Control experiments were performed with cDNA from HCV genotypes 2a/c, 2b, and 3 and did not show any unspecific binding. Additionally, the influence of the spacer length of 2,5-bis(2-thienyl)-N-(3-phosphoryl-n-alkyl)pyrrole on the behavior of the DNA sensor was investigated. This biosensing scheme was finally extended to the electrochemical detection of DNA at submicrometer-sized DNA biosensors integrated into bifunctional atomic force scanning electrochemical microscopy probes. The 18-mer DNA target was again monitored by following the ion-exchange properties of the polypyrrole film. Control experiments were performed with 12-base pair mismatched sequences.

The rate of force generation by the myocardium is not influenced by afterload

The influence of afterload on the rate of force generation by the myocardium was investigated using two types of preparations: the in situ dog heart (dP/dt) and isolated papillary muscle of rats (dT/dt). Thirteen anesthetized, mechanically ventilated and thoracotomized dogs were submitted to pharmacological autonomic blockade (3.0 mg/kg oxprenolol plus 0.5 mg/kg atropine). A reservoir connected to the left atrium permitted the control of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). A mechanical constriction of the descending thoracic aorta allowed to increase the systolic pressure in two steps of 20 mmHg (conditions H1 and H2) above control values (condition C). After arterial pressure elevations (systolic pressure C: 119 ± 8.1; H1: 142 ± 7.9; H2 166 ± 7.7 mmHg; P<0.01), there were no significant differences in heart rate (C: 125 ± 13.9; H1: 125 ± 13.5; H2: 123 ± 14.1 bpm; P>0.05) or LVEDP (C: 6.2 ± 2.48; H1: 6.3 ± 2.43; H2: 6.1 ± 2.51 mmHg; P>0.05). The values of dP/dt did not change after each elevation of arterial pressure (C: 3,068 ± 1,057; H1: 3,112 ± 996; H2: 3,086 ± 980 mmHg/s; P>0.05). In isolated rat papillary muscle, an afterload corresponding to 50% and 75% of the maximal developed tension did not alter the values of the maximum rate of tension development (100%: 78 ± 13; 75%: 80 ± 13; 50%: 79 ± 11 g mm-2 s-1, P>0.05). The results show that the rise in afterload per se does not cause changes in dP/dt or dT/dt

Force-versus-time curves during collisions between two identical steel balls

We describe a numerical procedure for plotting the force-versus-time curves in elastic collisions between identical conducting balls. A system of parametric equations relating the force and the time to a dimensionless parameter is derived from the assumption of a force compatible with Hertz's theory of collision. A simple experimental arrangement consisting of a mechanical system of colliding balls and an electrical circuit containing a crystal oscillator and an electronic counter is used to measure the collision time as a function of the energy of impact. From the data we can determine the relevant parameters. The calculated results agree very well with the expected values and are consistent with the assumption that the collisions are elastic. (C) 2006 American Association of Physics Teachers.

Optimal space manoeuvres in a non-Keplerian force field

In this work the problem of a spacecraft bi-impulsive transfer between two given non coplanar elliptical orbits, with minimum fuel consumption, is solved considering a non-Keplerian force field (the perturbing forces include Earth gravity harmonics and atmospheric drag). The problem is transformed in the Two Point Boundary Value Problem. It is developed and implemented a new algorithm, that uses the analytical expressions developed here. A dynamics that considered a Keplerian force field was used to produce an initial guess to solve the Two Point Boundary Value Problem. Several simulations were performed to observe the spacecraft orbital behaviour by different kind of perturbations and constraints, on a fuel consumption optimization point of view. (C) 2002 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Oxidative dissolution of chalcopyrite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy

The microbiological leaching of chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) is of great interest because of its potential application to many CuFeS2-rich ore materials. However, the efficiency of the microbiological process is very limited because this mineral is one of the most refractory to bacterial attack. Knowledge of bacterial role during chalcopyrite oxidation is very important in order to improve the efficiency of bioleaching operation. The oxidative dissolution of a massive chalcopyrite electrode by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). A massive chalcopyrite electrode was utilized in a Tait-type electrochemical cell in acid medium for different immersion times in the presence or absence of bacterium. The differences observed in the impedance diagrams were correlated with the adhesion process of bacteria on the mineral surface. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy analysis of BaBi2Ta2O9 thin films

Thin films of BaBi2Ta2O9 (BBT) composition were prepared through the metal organic decomposition method. The crystallinity, phase formation, crystallite size and morphology of the thin films were measured as a function of the type of substrate, stoichiometry of solution and process variables such as thickness and temperature. The thin films were investigated by grazing incidence X-ray diffractometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. For the sample without excess of bismuth, diffraction peaks other than that of the BBT phase were observed. A well crystallized BBT single phase was observed for films prepared from a solution with 10% excess of bismuth, deposited on Si/Pt substrate, with a thickness up to 150 nm and sintered at temperatures of 700 degreesC. The thin BBT phase films heat-treated at 600 degreesC presented a diffraction pattern characteristic of samples with lower degree of crystallinity whereas for the thin films heat-treated at 800 degreesC, we observed the presence of other phases than the BBT. For the thin film deposited on the Sin+ substrate, we observe that the peaks corresponding to the BBT phase are broader than that observed on the samples deposited on the Pt and Si/Pt substrates. No variation of average crystallite size was observed as the excess of Bi increased from 10 to 20%. AFM images for the samples showed that the increasing the amount of bismuth promotes grain growth. The average surface roughness measured was in the range of 16-22 nm showing that the bismuth amount had no or little effect on the roughness of films. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Influence of the yielding criterion on total forming force in metallic junctions using elastomers

The production of metallic junctions employing elastomers is an unconventional technique that has been in development in the last 20 years. The forming process gets successfull just if a simultaneous compression between the elastomers and the tube takes place. Exact solutions for problems involving forming with elastomers are quite difficult to determine. However, the upper-bound theory can be used in order to predict the necessary load for junctions forming. Thus, it is necessary to develop a model capable to provide an estimate of the total forming force, which is useful to set-up tools and equipments required for the process. In this work, Von Mises, Hill's 1948 and Hill's 1979 associated yielding theories, and the Hosford's theory (1979) as well, were used in order to study the anisotropic behaviour on total forming force of junctions using elastomers, insuring the functionality of the proposed model. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Retention force and fatigue strength of overdenture attachment systems

This study evaluated retention force and fatigue resistance of two overdenture attachment systems. Twenty samples (O-ring and Bar-Clip) from two manufacturers (Conexao Sistemas de Protese and Lifecore Biomedical) were prepared and divided into four groups: (i) Conexao/O-ring; (ii) Conexao/Bar-Clip; (iii) Lifecore/O-ring and (iv) Lifecore/Bar-Clip, with five samples in each group. They were submitted to mechanical fatigue test using a servohydraulic machine performing 5500 cycles of insertion and removal (f=0.8 Hz), immersed in artificial saliva. Retention force values were obtained three times (0, 3000 and after 5500 cycles) simulating the clinical service, using a tensile strength at 1 mm min(-1) and load cell of 1 kN. Data were analysed with analysis of variance and Tukey's test at 5% level. Results showed that Conexao/Bar-Clip specimens had significantly higher retention values than Lifecore/Bar-Clip (44.61 and 18.44 N, respectively), Conexao/O-ring specimens had significantly lower values than Lifecore/O-ring (13.91 and 19.75 N, respectively). Conexao/Bar-Clip values were always significantly higher than those of Conexao/O-ring group (44.61 and 13.91 N, respectively). Lifecore (O-ring and Bar-Clip) presented similar values (19.75 and 18.44 N, respectively). The systems evaluated showed satisfactory retention force values, before and after fatigue testing. Conexao/Bar-Clip specimens presented the highest values. A 5-year simulation of insertion and removal did not decrease retention values or fracture components.