Comparação entre métodos para determinação de carbono orgânico em amostras de solo mensuradas por volume ou massa

O uso da massa (g) ou do volume (cm³) como medida da quantidade de solo para determinação do teor de C orgânico do solo (COS), bem como a utilização de diferentes métodos de determinações analíticas empregados para essa mesma finalidade, pode alterar diretamente a interpretação dos resultados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar os métodos colorimétricos e titulométricos de determinação de matéria orgânica em três solos com diferentes texturas, tomando-se as amostras por massa (pesagem) e por volume (cachimbagem). Houve variação no teor de COS entre os métodos estudados para um mesmo solo. O uso da massa e do volume alterou diretamente a interpretação dos teores de matéria orgânica no solo. Há variações nos métodos de determinação de COS entre solos de diferentes texturas.

Alterações nos teores nutricionais foliares de bananeira 'prata-anã' adubada com composto orgânico em cinco ciclos de produção

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o estado nutricional da bananeira-'Prata-anã' durante cinco ciclos de cultivo com adubação orgânica, no município de Botucatu-SP. As plantas foram adubadas com composto orgânico produzido a partir de serragem de madeira e esterco bovino, em que os tratamentos foram constituídos de doses desse composto (0; 98,5; 197,0; 290,5 e 394,0 g de K2O/planta). Empregou-se delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. No florescimento das plantas em cada ciclo, foram retiradas amostras foliares de duas plantas por parcela para serem analisados os teores de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, boro, cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco. A maior parte dos macronutrientes presentes nas folhas não foi influenciada pelo incremento de doses de composto orgânico. No decorrer dos ciclos avaliados, os teores foliares de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, enxofre, boro, ferro e manganês diminuíram, enquanto o cálcio e o magnésio se acumularam nas plantas. Os teores de potássio estavam abaixo dos padrões para a cultura no Estado de São Paulo, em todos os anos avaliados, mesmo assim as plantas não apresentaram sintomas de deficiência ou queda de produção, inferindo-se que a faixa considerada como adequada para a cultivar pode ser inferior aos padrões atualmente adotados.

On the origin of exciton formation in dye doped Alq(3) OLEDs

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Photoinduced hole-transfer in semiconducting polymer/low-bandgap cyanine dye blends: evidence for unit charge separation quantum yield

Power-conversion efficiencies of organic heterojunction solar cells can be increased by using semiconducting donor-acceptor materials with complementary absorption spectra extending to the near-infrared region. Here, we used continuous wave fluorescence and absorption, as well as nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy to study the initial charge transfer step for blends of a donor poly(p-phenylenevinylene) derivative and low-band gap cyanine dyes serving as electron acceptors. Electron transfer is the dominant relaxation process after photoexcitation of the donor. Hole transfer after cyanine photoexcitation occurs with an efficiency close to unity up to dye concentrations of similar to 30 wt%. Cyanines present an efficient self-quenching mechanism of their fluorescence, and for higher dye loadings in the blend, or pure cyanine films, this process effectively reduces the hole transfer. Comparison between dye emission in an inert polystyrene matrix and the donor matrix allowed us to separate the influence of self-quenching and charge transfer mechanisms. Favorable photovoltaic bilayer performance, including high open-circuit voltages of similar to 1 V confirmed the results from optical experiments. The characteristics of solar cells using different dyes also highlighted the need for balanced adjustment of the energy levels and their offsets at the heterojunction when using low-bandgap materials, and accentuated important effects of interface interactions and solid-state packing on charge generation and transport.

Synthesis and characterization of Fe(III)-doped ceramic membranes of titanium dioxide and its application in photoelectrocatalysis of a textile dye

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of a textile azo dye processing plant effluent that impacts a drinking water source

Recently a textile azo dye processing plant effluent was identified as one of the sources of mutagenic activity detected in the Cristais River, a drinking water source in Brazil [G.A. Umbuzeiro, D.A. Roubicek, C.M. Rech, M.I.Z. Sato, L.D. Claxton, Investigating the sources of the mutagenic activity found in a river using the Salmonella assay and different water extraction procedures, Chemosphere 54 (2004) 1589-1597]. Besides presenting high mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/microsome assay, the mutagenic nitro-aminoazobenzenes dyes CI Disperse Blue 373, Cl Disperse Violet 93, and CI Disperse Orange 37 [G.A. Umbuzeiro, H.S. Freeman, S.H. Warren, D.P Oliveira, Y. Terao, T. Watanabe, L.D. Claxton, the contribution of azo dyes in the mutagenic activity of the Cristais river, Chemosphere 60 (2005) 55-64] as well as benzidine, a known carcinogenic compound [T.M. Mazzo, A.A. Saczk, G.A. Umbuzeiro, M.V.B. Zanoni, Analysis of aromatic amines in surface waters receiving wastewater from textile industry by liquid chromatographic with eletrochemical detection, Anal. Lett., in press] were found in this effluent. After similar to 6 km from the discharge of this effluent, a drinking water treatment plant treats and distributes the water to a population of approximate 60,000. As shown previously, the mutagens in the DWTP intake water are not completely removed by the treatment. The water used for human consumption presented mutagenic activity related to nitro-aromatics and aromatic amines compounds probably derived from the cited textile processing plant effluent discharge [G.A. Umbuzeiro, D.A. Roubicek, C.M. Rech, M.I.Z.. Sato, L.D. Claxton, Investigating the sources of the mutagenic activity found in a river using the Salmonella assay and different water extraction procedures, Chemosphere 54 (2004) 1589-1597; G.A. Umbuzeiro, H.S. Freeman, S.H. Warren, D.P. Oliveira, Y. Terao, T. Watanabe, L.D. Claxton, the contribution of azo dyes in the multagenic activity of the Cristais river, Chemosphere 60 (2005) 55-64]. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the possible risks involved in the human consumption of this contaminated water. With that objective, one sample of the cited industrial effluent was tested for carcinogenicity in the aberrant crypt foci medium-term assay in colon of Wistar rats. The rats received the effluent in natura through drinking water at concentrations of 0.1%, 1%, and 10%. The effluent mutagenicity was also confirmed in the Salmonella/microsome assay with the strains TA98 and YG1041. There was an increased number of preneoplastic lesions in the colon of rats exposed to concentrations of 1% and 10% of the effluent, and a positive response for both Salmonella strains tested. These results indicate that the discharge of the effluent should be avoided in waters used for human consumption and show the sensitivity of the ACF crypt foci assay as an important tool to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of environmental complex mixtures. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Microrganismos patogênicos, celularidade e resíduos de antimicrobianos no leite bovino produzido no sistema orgânico

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Aspectos citológicos e microbiológicos do leite em propriedades no sistema orgânico de produção

A produção de leite no sistema orgânico tem despertado o interesse dos produtores rurais, pelo aumento de consumo de produtos naturais. Estudaram-se os aspectos citológicos e microbiológicos do leite no sistema orgânico de produção em quatro propriedades no município de Botucatu, SP, utilizando métodos como CMT, exame microbiológico das amostras positivas, contagem de células somáticas (CCS/mL de leite) e Contagem de Unidades Formadoras de Colônias (UFC de microrganismos mesófilos/mL de leite) em amostras individuais de leite em animais com pelo menos um teto positivo ao CMT. Foi também realizado a CCS/mL de leite e UFC/mL de leite, e exame microbiológico de amostras de leite do conjunto (tanque) de cada propriedade. Das 150 glândulas mamárias examinadas, 66 (44,00%) amostras foram positivas ao CMT, com isolamento de Corynebacterium bovis em 37,90%, Staphylococcus aureus (18,20%), S. epidermidis (15,20%), Streptococcus uberis (3,00%) e S. dysgalactiae (3,00%), e isolamento de mais de um agente bacteriano em 7,60% das amostras. Os valores de CCS/mL das amostras do leite de conjunto estiveram dentro dos limites de normalidade em três das quatro propriedades (< 400x10³), por outro lado considerando a UFC/mL em três das quatro propriedades observou-se altos índices (8,5x10(5); 1,5x10(6); 4,1x10(5)). Obteve-se o isolamento de microrganismos ambientais, como Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa, sugerindo a contaminação do leite durante ou após a ordenha, o que reforça a importância de atividades de educação sanitária para obtenção higiênica do leite.

Avaliação da produção de leite e contagem de células somáticas em bovinos leiteiros suplementads com Saccharomyces cerevisiae como fonte de zinco orgânico

The aim of the evaluation of milk production and somatic cell count of dairy cow supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a source of organic zinc for 180 days, 25 Holstein cows were selected, randomly chosen from a flock of 189 lactating cows. The animals were distributed in two groups, namely group 1 (G1) which holded 10 cows supplemented and group 2 (G2) with 15 animals without supplementation. The production of milk was measured by the control official milkman of the Assocition Paranaense of Creators of Bovine of the Holstein in seven moments during the 180 days. The samples of milk were collected of each animal, being submitted to the electronic counting of somatic cells. The results demonstrate that the supplemented of organic zinc didn't alter the production of milk, however it was capable to maintain low the counting of somatic cells. The data of the present work suggest that to use supplemented of organic zinc in the diet of cows milk, increase the quality of the produced milk and consequently the remuneration for the producer.

Visual detection of turkey coronavirus RNA in tissues and feces by reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) with hydroxynaphthol blue dye

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Origin of sensory and autonomic innervation of the rat temporomandibular joint: A retrograde axonal tracing study with the fluorescent dye fast blue

Previous studies that have used retrograde axonal tracers (horseradish peroxidase alone or conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin) have shown that the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is supplied with nerve fibers originating mainly from the trigeminal ganglion, in addition to other sensory and sympathetic ganglia. The existence of nerve fibers in the TMJ originating from the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus is unclear, and the possible innervation by parasympathetic nerve fibers has not been determined. In the present work, the retrograde axonal tracer, fast blue, was used to elucidate these questions and re-evaluated the literature data. The tracer was deposited in the supradiscal articular space of the rat TMJ, and an extensive morphometric analysis was performed of the labeled perikaryal profiles located in sensory and autonomic ganglia. This methodology permitted us to observe labeled small perikaryal profiles in the trigeminal ganglion, clustered mainly in the posterior-lateral region of the dorsal, medial and ventral thirds of horizontal sections, with some located in the anterior-lateral region of the ventral third. Sensory perikarya were also labeled in the dorsal root ganglia from C2 to C5. No labeled perikaryal profiles were found in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. on the other hand, autonomic labeled perikaryal profiles were distributed in the sympathetic superior cervical and stellate ganglia, and parasympathetic otic ganglion. Our results confirmed those of previous studies and also demonstrated that: (i) there is a distribution pattern of labeled perikaryal profiles in the trigeminal ganglion; (ii) some perikaryal profiles located in the otic ganglion were labeled; and (iii) the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus did not show any retrogradely labeled perikaryal profiles.

Reliability of assessing dye penetration along root canal fillings using methylene blue

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Genotoxic, mutagenic and cytotoxic effects of the commercial dye CI Disperse Blue 291 in the human hepatic cell line HepG2

Textile dyes are discarded into the aquatic ecosystem via industrial effluents and potentially expose humans and local biota to adverse effects. The commercial dye CI Disperse Blue 291 which contains the aminoazobenzene 2-[(2-bromo-4,6-dinitrophenyl)azo]-5(diethylamino)-4-methoxyacetanilide (CAS registry no. 56548-64-2), was tested for genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2, using the comet assay, micronucleus (MN) test and a cell viability test. Five different concentrations of the test compound were examined: 200 mu g/ml, 400 mu g/ml, 600 mu g/ml, 800 mu g/ml and 1000 mu g/ml. An increase in comet tail length and in the frequency of MN was detected with exposure of cells to concentrations of the commercial dye from 400 pg/ml. Furthermore, the dye was found to decrease cell viability. The results of this study demonstrate for the first time the genotoxic and mutagenic effects of the dye CI Disperse Blue 291 in mammalian cells, thus stressing the need to develop non-mutagenic dyes and to invest in improving the treatment of effluents. These measures will help to prevent harmful effects that these compounds can have on humans and aquatic organisms that come in contact with them. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Analysis of Acid Alizarin Violet N Dye Removal Using Sugarcane Bagasse as Adsorbent

With the development of the textile industry, there has been a demand for dye removal from contaminated effluents. In recent years, attention has been directed toward various natural solid materials that are capable of removing pollutants from contaminated water at low cost. One such material is sugarcane bagasse. The aim of the present study was to evaluate adsorption of the dye Acid Violet Alizarin N with different concentrations of sugarcane bagasse and granulometry in agitated systems at different pH. The most promising data (achieved with pH 2.5) was analyzed with both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms equations. The model that better fits dye adsorption interaction into sugarcane bagasse is Freundlich equation, and thus the multilayer model. Moreover, a smaller bagasse granulometry led to greater dye adsorption. The best treatment was achieved with a granulometry value lower than 0.21 mm at pH 2.50, in which the total removal was estimated at a concentration of 16.25 mg mL(-1). Hence, sugarcane bagasse proves to be very attractive for dye removal from textile effluents.

Decolorization of textile dye by Candida albicans isolated from industrial effluents

The aim of the present work was to observe microbial decolorization and biodegradation of the Direct Violet 51 azo dye by Candida albicans isolated from industrial effluents and study the metabolites formed after degradation. C. albicans was used in the removal of the dye in order to further biosorption and biodegradation at different pH values in aqueous solutions. A comparative study of biodegradation analysis was carried out using UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopy, which revealed significant changes in peak positions when compared to the dye spectrum. Theses changes in dye structure appeared after 72 h at pH 2.50; after 240 h at pH 4.50; and after 280 h at pH 6.50, indicating the different by-products formed during the biodegradation process. Hence, the yeast C. albicans was able to remove the color substance, demonstrating a potential enzymatic capacity to modify the chemical structure of pigments found in industrial effluents.