Polimorfismo da beta-lactoglobulina não afeta as caracterí sticas físico-químicas e a estabilidade do leite bovino

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of beta-lactoglobulin polymorphism, breed and seasonality on physico-chemical characteristics and stability of bovine milk. Six Holstein-Zebu (H-Z) and five Holstein dairy herds were selected, of which 660 Holstein and 293 crossbred Holstein-Zebu milk and blood samples were collected, adding up 953 samples, distributed in two collecting periods at rainy and two at dry seasons. Each milk sample was analyzed for titratable acidity, pH, freezing point and milk ethanol stability, at the following ethanol concentrations: 70, 76, 80 and 84GL. Individual blood samples were submitted to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the determination of beta-lactoglobulin polymorphism. No effect of beta-lactoglobulin polymorphism was observed in physico-chemical characteristics of milk, in both studied breed. Breed effect for Holstein and H-Z, respectively, was observed on titratable acidity (16.16 and 17.07°D, while effect of seasonality (for rainy and dry seasons, respectively) was also observed on freezing point (-0.5411 and -0.5376°H). Effects of breed and seasonality on milk stability were observed (Holstein-Zebu milk was less stable on dry season), however, no effect of beta-lactoglobulin on milk stability was observed.

Efeitos de diferentes sistemas de cultivo in vitro sobre o crescimento de folículos pré-antrais isolados de ovários de fetos bovinos

The objective of this study is to use different in vitro culture systems of preantral follicles from Nelore breed bovine fetuses in the last gestation quarter. The evaluation of treatments considered the time of growth of isolated follicles. Preantral follicles were mechanically isolated and submitted to the individual culture, for 9 days, in media no supplemented or supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS), bovine serum albumin (BSA) or synthetic defined supplement substitute of serum KnockoutSR (KNO). We have also evaluated the effects of collagen gel or fetal calf fibroblast monolayer as substratum for in vitro cultures. The increase on the follicular diameter was followed in the first day (0 h), at the 72 h, 144 h and 216 h. Considering cultures of isolated follicles, the results have shown that the association between media supplemented with FCS and collagen gel was significantly more efficient on the increase of the follicular diameter than other treatments. It is not still established a system of appropriate cultivation that sustains the differentiation and multiplication of the granular cells and that maintains the contact of the same ones with the oocyte to provide molecules and factors that supply the metabolic demand. We also understand that our results also represent another promising step on the search for the ultimate system of in vitro culture of preantral follicles from bovines.

Ramificação e distribuição dos nervos frênicos no músculo diafragma do gato doméstico

The ramification and the distribution of the phrenic nerves right and left had been studied in 30 muscles diaphragms of unknown breed adult domestic cats, 7 males and 23 females, and were fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution. After fixation and dissection, it was observed that the phrenic nerves ramified for the respective carnous parts of the muscle diaphragm, pars lumbalis, costalis and sternalis, and had finished in higher frequency in dorsolateral trunk and ventral branch (63.33%). We observed the following arrangements: dorsal, ventral and lateral branches (25.0%); dorsal branch and ventrolateral trunk (6.66%); dorsolateral and ventrolateral trunks (3.33%); dorsolateral trunk, lateral and ventral branches (1.66%). The phrenic nerves had distributed symmetrically in 11 samples (36.66%), only showing the termination in dorsolateral trunk and ventral branch. The dorsal branches supplied pars lumbalis (73.33% to right and 56.66% to the left) and pars costalis (13.33% to right and 10.0% to the left). The right dorsal branch supplied the crus mediale dexter of the right pillar (100.0%) and the left dorsal branch supplied the crus mediale sinister of the right pillar and the left pillar (100.0%). The lateral branches supply pars lumbalis (23.33% to right and 33.33% to the left), pars costalis (96.66% to right and 100.0% to the left) and pars sternalis (3.33% only to the right). The ventral branches supplied the ventral region of pars costalis (46.66 % to right and 43.33% to the left) and pars sternalis (96.66% to right and 100.0% to the left). Four female animals (13.33%) had shown fibers crossing proceeding from the left ventral branch for right antimere had been that in one of these samples (3.33%) occurred connection between the left ventral branch and the right.

Morfogênese do testículo de embriões e fetos de vacas da raça nelore (Bos taurus indicus)

The aim of this study was to accompany the process of testicular development from the non-differentiable phase to its complete formation. Embryos and fetuses of Nelore breed cows (Bos Taurus indicus) were obtained in slaughterhouses near the Uberlandia city, Minas Gerais. The gonads and the embryos were fixed in Bouin's fixative and afterwards processed for conventional optical microscopy. The gonadal was observed firstly in a 1.0 cm long embryo. In 2.5 cm long embryos the presence of the albuginea allows the sex identification. The mean thickness of the albuginea ranged from 29.08 to 558.45 mm. Gradually increase of vascularization of the albuginea and parenchyma is observed. The mediastinum is located centrally. There was a decrease in the space occupied by the testicular cords, from 63.71 to 41.99% of the total testes volume. Its diameter ranged from 31.68 to 48.80 mm. The diameter of germinal cells (and their nuclei) was from 12.27 (6.65) to 16.95 914.21) mm. The quantity of germinal cells by cross section of cord decreased from a maximum of 2.80 to 0.76. The total number of germinal cells was from 16 at the beginning of colonization of the gonad to 18.32 x 106 at the end of the study. The number of Sertoli's cells by cross section of cord ranged from 10.00 to 16.25. The results obtained show that the origin and formation of testes in embryos and fetuses from Nelore breed cows (Bos taurus indicus) does occur in a very similar way to what is described for Bos taurus taurus.

Rendimento dos não-componentes da carcaça de cordeiros de diferentes genótipos

Non-carcass components percentages of lambs terminated in confinement, fed with diet containing 40:60 forage:concentrate ratio were influenced by lambs' breed (Morada Nova and 1/2 Somális Brasileira 1/2 Morada Nova), except for the liver, without difference between pure and crossbred animals, with average values of 2.29% and 0.35%, respectively. Crossbred lambs had higher percentages of skin (8.96%), head plus foot (10.68%), heart (0.88%), and kidney (0.93%) than purebred lambs (7.15%, 9.69%, 0.56% and 0.35%, respectively).

Evaluation of IFA, MAT, ELISAs and immunoblotting for the detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in paired serum and aqueous humour samples from experimentally infected pigs

The study evaluated the efficiency of diagnostic laboratory methods to detect anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in paired serum and aqueous humour samples from experimentally infected pigs. 18-mixed breed pigs were used during the experiment; these were divided into two groups, G1 (infected group, n = 10) and G2 (uninfected group, n = 8). Infection was performed with 4 × 10 4 VEG strain oocysts at day 0 by the oral route in G1 animals. All pigs were euthanized at day 60, when retina, aqueous humour, and blood samples were collected. Anti-T. gondii antibody levels were assessed in serum (s) and aqueous humour (ah) by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), modified agglutination test (MAT), m-ELISA (using crude membranes from T. gondii tachyzoites as antigen) and r-ELISA (using rhoptries from T. gondii tachyzoites as antigen). Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) of samples from the retina were performed by using Tox4 and Tox5 primers. Antibody titers of G1 animals ranged from 128 to 1024 and from 16 to 256 in serum and aqueous humour, respectively. There were differences in the correlation coefficients between IFA(s) × IFA (ah) (r = 0.62, P = 0.05), MAT(s) × MAT (ah) (r = 0.97, P < 0.0001); however, there was no significant difference between r-ELISA(s) × r-ELISA (ah) (r = 0.14, P = 0.7). Antibodies present in serum and aqueous humour recognized similar antigens. Samples of retina were positive by PCR in 30% (3/10) of infected pigs. G2 animals remained without antibody levels and were PCR negative throughout the experiment. These results suggest that the use of a combination of tests and immunoblotting for paired aqueous humour and serum samples could improve the sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Modelación para ajuste de la curva de lactación usando función lineal, no lineal y polinomios segmentados en ganados con alto grado de sangre Brown Swiss

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeitos da ciclosporina a sobre a função renal de cães da raça Golden Retriever normais ou afetados pela distrofia muscular

The muscular dystrophy of Golden Retriever is a degenerative miopaty caused by the absence of dystrophy and it is genetically homologue of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy in humans, so, these dogs are considerably experimental models for studies on cellular therapy. Their successful depends of the adequate immunosuppression. Cyclosporin A is indicated for that and the monitoring of blood concentration and adverse effects are essential to viabilise the therapy. It was studied GRMD dogs, and normal dogs from the same breed, submitted for therapy with CsA, associated, on GRMD, of cell transplantation. It was evaluated the possible effects of the drug on renal functions. It has been considerate the clinic manifestations, urinalisis, testis of glomerular function and blood concentrations of urea, cretinine, sodium and potassium. In our results we found a discrete increase of blood urea on booth groups; increased levels of urine's cylinders and protein and also increase of urinary density on GRMD group. CsA therapy could make acute lesions on renal tubules, especially on GRMD. These dogs also have different reactions than normal dogs on relation of ions homeostasis and renal function. However, earlier diagnosis and adequate treatment could prevent the development of renal diseases.

Análise das dosagens e concentrações séricas da ciclosporina A em cães da raça Golden Retriever normais ou afetados pela distrofia muscular

The muscular dystrophy of Golden Retriever (GRMD) is a degenerative miopaty caused by the absence of dystrophy and it is genetically homologue of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy in humans, so, these dogs are considerably experimental models for studies on cellular therapy. Their successful depends of the adequate immunosuppression. Cyclosporin A (CsA) is indicated for that and the monitoring of the blood concentration and adverse effects are essential to viabilise the therapy. It was studied GRMD dogs, and normal dogs from the same breed, submitted for therapy with CsA, associated, on GRMD, of cell transplantation. It was evaluated blood concentration of the drug, between two or tree days using the method of FPIA. In our results we found that the CsA blood concentrations oscillated too much on six than eight of our animals. We concluded that the doses varieties individually and the correct dosage as to important as the evaluation of the blood concentration of the drug and became viable for cell therapy.

Modelos no lineales para describir el crecimiento de bufalinos de la raza Murrah

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Evaluación genética de búfalos de la raza Murrah para la producción de leche en el día de control y a los 305 días de lactancia

There were analyzed 4757 complete lactations of the Murrah breed, daughters of 187 bulls, with the goal of verifying the viability upon employing the test-day (PDLC), on substitution of the milk yield at 305th day of lactation (PL305), in the genetic evaluations. The components of variance for the PDLC1 to PDLC9 and for the PL305 were estimated in uni-traits analysis according to maximum restricted likelihood method. The used model included the genetic direct additive random effects, of residual and permanent environment. There were considered as fixed effects, the contemporary group and the number of milkings and the age of the cow at the moment of parity co-variable (quadratic and linear effect). The contemporary groups were constituted by the herd-year-month of control for the PDLC and by herd-year-epoch of parity for PL305. The estimates of heritability for the PDLC and PL305 were 0.12 to 0.23 and 0.22, respectively. The correlations of order of the predicted genetic values for the 187 bulls, obtained between the PDLC and the PL305, were from moderate to high, varying from 67.74 to 83.12. From the minimum selection of the 10% of the best bulls relating to the predicted genetic value for the PL305, the coincidence among the classification of these animals was over 68%, when evaluated by the PDLC3,PDLC4,PDLC5 and PDLC6. Upon selecting the 5% of the best animals that coincidence presented a lower value.

Pitiose nasal em equino

Pythiosis is a subcutaneous infection caused by aquatic fungi (Pythium insidiosum) which occurs in some animal species, as human beings. This paper describes an Quarter Horse, breed in Pernambuco, Brazil, who had this infection. The horse presented nodular and ulcerated lesions only in nasal mucosa and the diagnosis was made by histopathologic analysis and clinical signals. Based in the histopathologic findings and anamneses information by the owner the authors believed this is an atypical presentation of this infection caused by the contact with water offered at stable.

Relações materno-filiais e sua influência no peso pré-desmama de animais Nelore da Bahia

The aim of this study was to investigate the maternal-offspring relationships in the bovine breeds Nellore PO (Pure Breed) and Nellore CL (Cara Limpa) in Bahia State. The genetic composition of breeds did not affect LP (latency time to stand); this variable showed mean values of 71 min and 52 min, respectively, for Nellore PO and Nellore CL. The variable LPTM (latency time to begin suckling after standing) was significantly higher for Nellore PO (mean values of 39 min) tham for Nellore CL (18 min). The variable TCC (time in contact with the calf) was classified as class 4 (60 to 80% of the time was spent with the calves). The P120 (weight at 120 days) had mean values of 122.3 kg and 122.7 kg respectively, for Nellore PO and Nellore CL. In conclusion, the maternal-offspring behaviour had little influence of the genetic composition of the breeds. These results suggest that more studies are necessary to define technological parameters for cattle raising in Bahia State.

Genetic parameters for milk yield, age at first calving and interval between first and second calving in milk Murrah buffaloes

In the present study, data of 1,578 first lactation females, calving from 1985 to 2006 were analysed with the purpose of estimating genetic parameters for milk yield (MY), age at first calving (AFC) and interval between first and second calving (IBFSC) in dairy buffaloes of the Murrah breed in Brazil, Heritability estimates for MY, AFC and IBFSC traits were 0.20, 0.07 and 0.14, respectively. Genetic correlations between MY and AFC and IBFSC were -0.12 and 0.07, respectively, while the corresponding phenotypic correlations were -0.15 and 0.30, respectively. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between AFC and IBFSC were 0.35 and 0.37, respectively. Genetic correlation between MY and AFC showed desirable negative association, suggesting that daughters of the bulls with high breeding values for MY could reach physiological mature at a precocious age. Genetic correlation between MY and IBFSC, showed that the selection for milk production could result in the increase of calving intervals.

Reproductive technology in domestic carnivorous

Background: The delay in development of artificial reproduction techniques on carnivorous could be due to countless reasons, but the lack of commercial interest is probably the most important one. The majority of canines are small structures, canidae are extremely fertile and a great number of species are adapted to domestication or captivity. Finally, the canine gamete physiology presents a difficult adaptation of technology knowledge obtained from other species. Furthermore, domestic felines are animals of company and there is no interest in reproducing them in a large scale, as it has been observed in other domestic animals, however, besides of being a valuable model for the development of in vitro techniques, the domestic cat is also used as an embryo receptor for different species of small wild felines due to physiological similarities among them, in vitro embrionary development, Review: It was reviewed the main insights about the reproductive physiology in female dogs, in vitro oocytary maturation (IVM), pregnancy and conception rate with dogs' frozen/unfrozen semen and PIV in domestic cats. The majority of mammal oocytes restart meiosis spontaneously after ovulation and reaches MII in artificial environment; in an in vitro maturation system in bovines, around 90% of oocytes complete their maturation, although its development capacity can be reduced subsequently. The success of IVM in canidae have been limited, with maturation rate varying from 0 to 58%, usually around 20%. The greatest difficulties include oocyte quality, hormonal environment, protein supplementation, cumulus / oocyte cell interaction, donor breed and age, culture systems, oxygen tension, amino acids, growth factor and sequential means. The freezing process reduces the quality of the semen, firstly because it reduces the number of living sperms and secondly because freezing produces cell modifications that could alter the sperm motility, longevity, integrity of membranes and its fertilizing capacity. Conclusion: Nowadays, several researches are being performed with the aim of increasing viability after dogs' and cats' semen is unfrozen, using extenders, cryoprotectors, freezing and unfreezing curves, addition of antioxidant substances. The aim of this text is to inform about the improvements obtained on the artificial reproduction techniques, emphasizing the oocytary maturation in female dogs, semen cryopreservation and artificial insemination in domestic dogs and cats.