Effectiveness-ntu computation with a mathematical model for cross-flow heat exchangers

Due to the wide range of design possibilities, simple manufactured, low maintenance and low cost, cross-flow heat exchangers are extensively used in the petroleum, petrochemical, air conditioning, food storage, and others industries. In this paper a mathematical model for cross-flow heat exchangers with complex flow arrangements for determining epsilon -NTU relations is presented. The model is based on the tube element approach, according to which the heat exchanger outlet temperatures are obtained by discretizing the coil along the tube fluid path. In each cross section of the element, tube-side fluid temperature is assumed to be constant because the heat capacity rate ratio C*=Cmin/Cmax tends toward zero in the element. Thus temperature is controlled by effectiveness of a local element corresponding to an evaporator or a condenser-type element. The model is validated through comparison with theoretical algebraic relations for single-pass cross-flow arrangements with one or more rows. Very small relative errors are obtained showing the accuracy of the present model. epsilon -NTU curves for several complex circuit arrangements are presented. The model developed represents a useful research tool for theoretical and experimental studies on heat exchangers performance.

Mathematical models for Isoptera (Insecta) mound growth

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient��fico e Tecnol��gico (CNPq)

Mathematical equation correction to spectral and transport interferences in high-resolution continuum source flame atomic absorption spectrometry: determination of lead in phosphoric acid

Um m��todo de corre����o de interfer��ncia espectral e de transporte �� proposto, e foi aplicado para minimizar interfer��ncias por mol��culas de PO produzidas em chama ar-acetileno e de transporte causada pela varia����o da concentra����o de ��cido fosf��rico. ��tomos de Pb e mol��culas de PO absorvem a 217,0005 nm, ent��o Atotal217,0005 nm = A Pb217,0005 nm + A PO217,0005 nm. Monitorando o comprimento de onda alternativo de PO em 217,0458 nm, �� poss��vel calcular a contribui����o relativa de PO na absorb��ncia total a 217,0005 nm: A Pb217,0005 nm = Atotal217,0005 nm - A PO217,0005 nm = Atotal217,0005 nm - k (A PO217,0458 nm). O fator de corre����o k �� a raz��o entre os coeficientes angulares de duas curvas anal��ticas para P obtidas a 217,0005 e 217,0458 nm (k = b217,0005 nm/b217,0458 nm). Fixando-se a taxa de aspira����o da amostra em 5,0 ml min-1, e integrando-se a absorb��ncia no comprimento de onda a 3 pixels, curvas anal��ticas para Pb (0,1 - 1,0 mg L-1) foram obtidas com coeficientes de correla����o t��picos > 0,9990. As correla����es lineares entre absorb��ncia e concentra����o de P nos comprimentos de onda 217,0005 e 217,0458 foram > 0,998. O limite de detec����o de Pb foi 10 ��g L-1. O m��todo de corre����o proposto forneceu desvios padr��o relativos (n=12) de 2,0 a 6,0%, ligeiramente menores que os obtidos sem corre����o (1,4-4,3%). As recupera����es de Pb adicionado ��s amostras de ��cido fosf��rico variaram de 97,5 a 100% (com corre����o pelo m��todo proposto) e de 105 a 230% (sem corre����o).

Mathematical tool to size rural digesters

Os biodigestores t��m sido objetos de grande destaque devido a atual crise de energia e conseq��ente busca de fontes alternativas. Outro fator que coloca os biodigestores em evid��ncia �� o intenso processo de moderniza����o da agropecu��ria, que al��m da grande demanda de energia, produz um volume de res��duos animais e de culturas, que ocasiona muitas vezes problemas de ordem sanit��ria. O objetivo deste trabalho �� fornecer uma ferramenta matem��tica para determina����o de par��metros para projetos de constru����o de biodigestores rurais, levando-se em considera����o o atendimento de necessidades energ��ticas, obedecendo os dimensionamentos dos sistemas, fatores de rendimento e garantindo a funcionalidade. Para isto, foram formulados modelos de otimiza����o n��o lineares, de f��cil resolu����o, para os tr��s principais tipos de biodigestores rurais. Com a resolu����o destes modelos s��o determinados a altura e o di��metro que levem a um volume m��nimo para cada tipo, com isto reduz-se a quantidade necess��ria de materiais de alvenaria e consequentemente o custo do biodigestor �� diminu��do.

Study of alternative schemes for the parameterization step of the continuation power flow method based on physical parameters, part I: Mathematical modeling

The conventional power flow method is considered to be inadequate to obtain the maximum loading point because of the singularity of Jacobian matrix. Continuation methods are efficient tools for solving this kind of problem since different parameterization schemes can be used to avoid such ill-conditioning problems. This paper presents the details of new schemes for the parameterization step of the continuation power flow method. The new parameterization options are based on physical parameters, namely, the total power losses (real and reactive), the power at the slack bus (real or reactive), the reactive power at generation buses, and transmission line power losses (real and reactive). The simulation results obtained with the new approach for the IEEE test systems (14, 30, 57, and 118 buses) are presented and discussed in the companion paper. The results show that the characteristics of the conventional method are not only preserved but also improved.

Drying of persimmon: Mathematical model for diffusivity as a simultaneous function of moisture content and shrinkage

Fresh persimmon has a high moisture content (about 85% wet basis) making it highly perishable and requiring adequate drying conditions to obtain an acceptable dehydrated product. Drying kinetics of persimmon cv. Rama Forte was studied in a fixed bed dryer at temperatures ranging from 50 to 80 degreesC and air velocity of 0.8 m/s. Shrinkage during drying was described by a linear correlation with respect to water content. Evaluation of effective diffusivity as a function of moisture content, with undergoing shrinkage during drying was based on Fourier series solution of Fick's diffusion equation. Effective diffusivity values at moisture contents between 0.09 - 4.23 kg water/kg dry matter were found to be in the range of 2.6 x 10(-10) m(2)/s to 5.4 x 10(-10) m(2)/s, and its dependence on air drying temperature was represented by an Arrhenius type equation. Activation energy increased with decreasing water content in persimmons.

Test systems and mathematical models for transmission network expansion planning

The data of four networks that can be used in carrying out comparative studies with methods for transmission network expansion planning are given. These networks are of various types and different levels of complexity. The main mathematical formulations used in transmission expansion studies-transportation models, hybrid models, DC power flow models, and disjunctive models are also summarised and compared. The main algorithm families are reviewed-both analytical, combinatorial and heuristic approaches. Optimal solutions are not yet known for some of the four networks when more accurate models (e.g. The DC model) are used to represent the power flow equations-the state of the art with regard to this is also summarised. This should serve as a challenge to authors searching for new, more efficient methods.

Stochastic field processes in the mathematical modelling of damped transmission line vibrations

Wind-excited vibrations in the frequency range of 10 to 50 Hz due to vortex shedding often cause fatigue failures in the cables of overhead transmission lines. Damping devices, such as the Stockbridge dampers, have been in use for a long time for supressing these vibrations. The dampers are conveniently modelled by means of their driving point impedance, measured in the lab over the frequency range under consideration. The cables can be modelled as strings with additional small bending stiffness. The main problem in modelling the vibrations does however lay in the aerodynamic forces, which usually are approximated by the forces acting on a rigid cylinder in planar flow. In the present paper, the wind forces are represented by stochastic processes with arbitrary crosscorrelation in space; the case of a K��rm��n vortex street on a rigid cylinder in planar flow is contained as a limit case in this approach. The authors believe that this new view of the problem may yield useful results, particularly also concerning the reliability of the lines and the probability of fatigue damages. �� 1987.

Theoretical approaches to forensic entomology: II. Mathematical model of larval development

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

On the solution of mathematical programming problems with equilibrium constraints

Mathematical programming problems with equilibrium constraints (MPEC) are nonlinear programming problems where the constraints have a form that is analogous to first-order optimality conditions of constrained optimization. We prove that, under reasonable sufficient conditions, stationary points of the sum of squares of the constraints are feasible points of the MPEC. In usual formulations of MPEC all the feasible points are nonregular in the sense that they do not satisfy the Mangasarian-Fromovitz constraint qualification of nonlinear programming. Therefore, all the feasible points satisfy the classical Fritz-John necessary optimality conditions. In principle, this can cause serious difficulties for nonlinear programming algorithms applied to MPEC. However, we show that most feasible points do not satisfy a recently introduced stronger optimality condition for nonlinear programming. This is the reason why, in general, nonlinear programming algorithms are successful when applied to MPEC.

Mathematical optimisation techniques applied to power system operation and planning

Nowadays, power system operation becomes more complex because of the critical operating conditions resulting from the requirements of a market-driven operation. In this context, efficient methods for optimisation of power system operation and planning become critical to satisfy the operational (technical), financial and economic demands. Therefore, the detailed analysis of modern optimisation techniques as well as their application to the power system problems represent a relevant issue from the scientific and technological points of view. This paper presents a brief overview of the developments on modern mathematical optimisation methods applied to power system operation and planning. Copyright �� 2007 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Detection of highways in high resolution images using Mathematical Morphology techniques

This paper seeks to apply a routine for highways detection through the mathematical morphology tools in high resolution image. The Mathematical Morphology theory consists of describing structures geometric presents quantitatively in the image (targets or features). This explains the use of the Mathematical Morphology in this work. As high resolution images will be used, the largest difficulty in the highways detection process is the presence of trees and automobiles in the borders tracks. Like this, for the obtaining of good results through the use of morphologic tools was necessary to choose the structuring element appropriately to be used in the functions. Through the appropriate choice of the morphologic operators and structuring elements it was possible to detect the highways tracks. The linear feature detection using mathematical morphology techniques, can contribute in cartographic applications, as cartographic products updating.