Implementação de um tuboexpansor na refinaria do Planalto Paulista – REPLAN com objetivo do aproveitamento da energia contida nos gases residuais do FCC – Fluid Catalytic Cracking na geração de energia elétrica

The steel type AISI 4130 (ultra-high strength steel) is an alloy of low carbon and its main alloying elements are chromium and molybdenum, which improves the toughness of the weld metal. It has numerous applications, especially where the need for high mechanical strength. It is widely used in equipment used by the aviation industry, such as cradle-tomotor, and this is the motivation for this study. Cots are of fundamental importance, because the engine supports and maintains balance in the fixed landing gear. This equipment is subjected to intense loading cycles, whose fractures caused by fatigue are constantly observed. Will be determined the effects caused by re-welding the structure of aeronautical equipment, and will also study the microstructure of the metal without welding. The studies will be done on materials used in aircraft, which was given to study. The results provide knowledge of microstructure to evaluate any type of fracture that maybe caused by fatigue. Fatigue is a major cause of aircraft accidents and incidents occurred, which makes the study of the microstructure of the metal, weld and re-solder the knowledge essential to the life of the material. The prevention and control of the process of fatigue in aircraft are critical, since the components are subjected to greater responsibility cyclic loading

Aplicação do método desirability para otimização de processo com múltiplas respostas

Currently, the competition between organizations in the pursuit of consumer preference has become increasingly fierce. In addition, consumers have become increasingly demanding due to high speed with which innovations occur, leaving the companies meet and sometimes surpass those expectations In this context, there is the necessity to use methods as mathematical models capable of dealing with the optimization of multiple responses simultaneously. In this context, this study presents an application of techniques of Design of Experiment in a machining process of a NIMONIC 80 alloy, a “superalloy” that has thermal and mechanical properties that make its machining difficult and in order to do this, the Desirability Function was used. As they are determining conditions in the machining capability of the alloy, the roughness and the cutting length were considered as variable settings, and the factors that can influence them are cutting speed, feed rate, cutting depth, inserts type and lubrication. The analysis of the result pointed out how was the influence of all factors on each response and also showed the efficiency and reliability of the method

Desenvolvimento e validação de método analítico para a quantificação de teicoplanina injetável por turbidimetria

A teicoplanina é um complexo antibiótico glicopeptídico derivado do Actinoplanes teichomyceticus, ativo contra bactérias Gram-positivas resistentes a outros antibióticos. Seu espectro de ação é similar ao da vancomicina, sendo, porém mais ativo para Streptococcus faecalis e Clostridium difficile. Seu uso é indicado para profilaxia de endocardite, peritonite, osteomielite e para septicemia estafilocócica. No Brasil, a teicoplanina é comercializada sob a forma farmacêutica de pó liofilizado, que deve ser reconstituído antes da administração. O medicamento de referência é o Targocid®, produzido pelo laboratório Sanofi-Aventis, em duas apresentações, 66 mg/mL e 133 mg/mL. A teicoplanina, bem como a vancomicina, inibe a síntese da parede celular bacteriana, pois a molécula se liga ao precursor da parede D-alanil-D-alanina, formando um complexo, impedindo a ligação à porção terminal do peptidoglicano, que é o alvo das enzimas transglicolase e transpeptidase. Desse modo, não há incorporação de aminoácidos aos glicopeptídeos integrantes da parede celular das bactérias Gram-positivas. No estudo de validação, foram aplicados os parâmetros de linearidade, intervalo, precisão, sensibilidade, especificidade, exatidão e robustez. O método desenvolvido e validado para a quantificação de teicoplanina pó liofilizado foi: Ensaio microbiológico por turbidimetria na faixa de concentração de 20,0 a 80,0 μg/mL, utilizando o micro-organismo Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 IAL 2150. Os parâmetros estudados para a validação do método turbidimétrico atenderam a todas as especificações para a adequada quantificação de teicoplanina na forma farmacêutica pó liofilizado

Alterações microestruturais decorrentes dos sucessivos reparos de solda TIG aplicados ao longo da vida útil de uma estrutura aeronáutica crítica à segurança de vôo

The steel type AISI 4130 (ultra-high strength steel) is an alloy of low carbon and its main alloying elements are chromium and molybdenum, which improves the toughness of the weld metal. It has numerous applications, especially where the need for high mechanical strength. It is widely used in equipment used by the aviation industry, such as cradle-tomotor, and this is the motivation for this study. Cots are of fundamental importance, because the engine supports and maintains balance in the fixed landing gear. This equipment is subjected to intense loading cycles, whose fractures caused by fatigue are constantly observed. Will be determined the effects caused by re-welding the structure of aeronautical equipment, and will also study the microstructure of the metal without welding. The studies will be done on materials used in aircraft, which was given to study. The results provide knowledge of microstructure to evaluate any type of fracture that maybe caused by fatigue. Fatigue is a major cause of aircraft accidents and incidents occurred, which makes the study of the microstructure of the metal, weld and re-solder the knowledge essential to the life of the material. The prevention and control of the process of fatigue in aircraft are critical, since the components are subjected to greater responsibility cyclic loading

Impacto da eferocitose na atividade microbicida via receptores “scavenger” em macrófagos alveolares: papel de prostaglandina E2

Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde, em países de baixa renda as infecções do trato respiratório ocupam o primeiro lugar dentre as causas de morte, sendo responsável por 11,2% das mesmas. Dentre estas, a causada por Streptococcus pneumoniae é uma das responsáveis pelo maior número de mortes em crianças ou adultos acometidos por doenças pulmonares crônicas. No pulmão os macrófagos alveolares (MAs) através de receptores expressos na superfície celular, como receptores “scavenger”, possuem um papel crítico na fagocitose e atividade microbicida de diferentes bactérias Gram-positivas. Em indivíduos acometidos por doenças pulmonares crônicas há um grande acúmulo de células apoptóticas (ACs) e estes podem ser mais susceptíveis a infecções pulmonares bacterianas como por S. pneumoniae. A presença destas ACs poderia contribuir para o aumento desta susceptibilidade através da supressão da resposta imune. Portanto, neste trabalho avaliamos se o efeito supressor mediado por ACs pode interferir na modulação das atividades microbicidas de MAs contra S. pneumoniae via receptores “scavenger”. A partir dos resultados encontrados, pode-se sugerir que 1) a eferocitose por MAs possui efeito imunossupressor na atividade microbicida contra S. pneumoniae; 2) a atividade supressora mediada pela fagocitose de ACs por MAs foi inibida na presença de bloqueadores de SR-A, sugerindo que os SR-B I/II são menos sensíveis a efeito supressor decorrente da eferocitose; 3) a PGE2, oriunda da eferocitose, liga-se ao receptor EP2 e suprime a atividade microbicida de MAs; 4) as produções de IL-1α, TNF-α e NO estão aumentadas na presença de ACs, sugerindo que a eferocitose por MAs promove um descontrole na ativação de MAs mediante a infecção por S. pneumoniae

Avaliação da usinagem do INCONEL 718

The nickel superalloys are known as being a material with poor machinability, they have some properties like high hardness, good resistance at high temperature, tendency to weld with the tool material at high temperature, etc. In the aerospace, biomedical and petrochemical industry, are increasing the need to use materials that resist to aggressive process and environment. In these uses, it has increased the use of nickel-based superalloys like Inconel 718 and consequently the need to research new techniques and tools to improve the machinability of this material. For the superalloys and resistant alloys at high temperatures is considered that the difficulty in the machining regards to the combination of the relatively high cutting forces and high temperatures that grow during the machine process, causing deformation or breakage of the cutting tool. This work purpose is to develop the study of the machining of external cylindrical turning of the nickel based alloy Inconel 718, using ceramic tools, seeking the optimization of machining this alloy, looking to provide real productive increases without the need of investments in new production means. The machining test were accomplished using commercials hard metal tools and the results were compared each other to find the best tool and the best parameter. The conclusion is that the tool TNMG160408-23 -class 1005- was the better one, when used with the parameter 60_15_08

Estudo das propriedades mecânicas do aço SAE 1312 modificado ao nióbio

The study of mechanical properties of high-alloy special steels is of great interest of the steel industry due to the great demand by companies that manufacture automotive components of high criticality, and also because of its high commercial value. However, the development of this type of alloy metals demand highly technical knowledge. Among these extremely important kinds of steel, the subject which is the interest of this study is the special steel modified by niobium. The manganese and niobium are the main alloying elements in the composition of these steels, both of them increase the stability of the austenite region, however, manganese increases the hardenability and tensile yield strength, and niobium increases the mechanical strength and promotes refining the grain. The mechanical characterization of steel SAE 1312 modified the niobium was made in order to gain a better understanding of the influence on the mechanical properties caused by aging at different temperatures and for different reductions in the drawing of gauge material. This characterization was made by means of tensile test and hardness. This material showed an increase in yield strength and hardness when gauge with large reductions during the wiredrawing, but when subjected to aging temperatures higher than 300 ° C had a slight loss of these properties

Estudo em fadiga no aço API 5L X80 soldado pelo processo HF/ERW

The technological advancement in order to improve the methods of obtaining energy sources such as oil and natural gas is mainly motivated by the recent discovery of oil reserves. So, increasingly , there is a need for a thorough knowledge of the materials used in the manufacture of pipelines for transportation and exploration of oil and natural gas. The steels which follow the API standard (American Petroleum Institute), also known as high strenght low alloy (hsla), are used in the manufacture of these pipes, as they have, with their welded joints, mechanical properties to withstand the working conditions to which these ducts will be submitted . The objective of this study is to evaluate the fatigue behavior in microalloyed steel grade API 5L X80 welded by process HF / ERW . For this, axial fatigue tests to obtain S-N curve (stress vs. number of cycles ) were conducted. To complement the study, it was performed metallographic , fractographic , Vickers hardness tests and tensile tests to characterize the mechanical properties of the steel and check whether the values satisfy the specifications of the API 5L standard . From the fatigue tests , it was concluded that the surface finish influences directly on the fatigue life of the material

Estudo da deformação heterogênea no ensaio do anel de atrito

The plastic deformation is widely used in the metallurgical market due to its positive factors such as low prices and high speed production. Forming process products are obtained in high quality, both surface quality and mechanical properties. Friction is an importante factor in metal forming. Friction study in metal forming can be accomplished indirectly, such as the ring test of friction. Two samples of different materials being mild steel and copper alloy were used. The results showed the influence of friction in the flow behavior of the deformation of the second phase, as evidenced by standard metallography. It is observed that in the outer regions of the ring, plastic deformation occured in the radial direction. In the central region of the disc deformation occured in the direction of compression and the inner region of the ring flux lines showed a significant deformation in the radial direction towards the center of the ring

Extensometria: estudo das microdeformações ao redor de três implantes de hexágono interno, com posicionamento linear, sob a influência da fundição de coifas plásticas e usinadas

The objective of this in vitro study was quantify the micro strain development around the internal hexagon implants, varying the type of prosthetic coping. For This reason, three implants of internal hexagon were inserted into one polyurethane block in line placement. Microunit abutments were screwed onto the implants. Tangentially the implants were bonded the strain gauges, two to the center implant. Ten structures, each one containing three copings were cast in Co-Cr alloy, that were divided into groups in the first group, plastic copings were used, and in the second group machined copings were used. The superstructure’s occlusal screws were tightened onto Microunit abutments with 10 Ncm torque, the magnitude of micro strain was recorded. The mean values of each strain gauge of each plastic copings were 363,37 ± 237,66 and the machined copings were 338,12 ± 223,01. The data were analyzed statistically by t- Student test. No statistically significant difference was found between the prosthetic copings (p= 0,867). It was concluded that to internal hexagon implants in line placement, the type of copings presented similar magnitude of micro strain after prosthetic occlusal screw was tightened

Melhoria da qualidade de um processo de usinagem utilizando as técnicas de avaliação de Taguchi

Delivering to the customers a product or service with the expected quality associated to the huge competitiveness that exists in the market nowadays, has been making organizations increasingly focus on quality planning using techniques which are directed towards the continuous improvement process and production optimization. Thus, this paper aims to improve a machining process using the techniques of experimental design to the optimization and this also includes the analysis of the measurement system. For this purpose, the alloy Nimonic 80A, a nickel base superalloy, was used in the process due to its widespread use for high temperatures, applying this study the robust method proposed by Genichi Taguchi, determining the influence of the factors considered input variables, cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, type of tool, lubrication, and material hardness, in the output or response variable, surface roughness, concluding with the use of Taguchi orthogonal array L16 and by analysis of ANOVA that the factor feed rate is significant and offers greater effect on the response variable studied, should be set to 0,12mm/rev. Moreover, the factor type of tool has more influence on the process when compared to other factors, being CP250 the one more suitable to the process. Lastly, the interaction feed rate x cutting speed provides greater significance in the process regarding to surface roughness variable, being the best match between them 0,12mm/rev to the feed rate and 90m/min to the cutting speed. In order to evaluate the measurement system, it was applied the repeatability and reproducibility method (R&R), through which we saw that the system needs improvement (R & R = 88.04% >>> 30%) as the value found in the study was well above compared to the one that classifies the system as inappropriate

O espaço do idoso na cidade

Em muitos países, principalmente os mais desenvolvidos, o aumento da expectativa de vida é um fato constatado através das pesquisas públicas. No Brasil, a idade máxima atingida pela população é, em média, de aproximadamente setenta e dois anos. Porém, estes números foram resultado de um crescimento contínuo e persistente da expectativa de vida no país e que continua acontecendo. São consideradas idosas as pessoas com mais de sessenta anos. No Brasil, já existem investimentos em pesquisas e projetos voltados para os idosos, com necessidades peculiares, os recursos e equipamentos adequados para essa parte da população, mas não são suficientes. O projeto em questão busca resolver com a Arquitetura e o Urbanismo muitos dos problemas enfrentados na terceira idade. Sem excluir nenhuma faixa etária da população, mas dando ênfase aos idosos, o projeto estuda um espaço público já existente para dar-lhes acessibilidade e estrutura de serviços para serem realizadas as atividades de rotina e lazer. O projeto terá vários focos dentro de uma área dos bairros de Pinheiros e Vila Madalena, na cidade de São Paulo, para promover uma maior e mais eficiente inclusão do idoso no espaço urbano. O primeiro foco é uma praça que terá equipamentos que ajudam no físico, na saúde e no entretenimento dos idosos. O segundo é a revitalização da Rua Mourato Coelho, que liga a praça com a Feira Livre, além de todos os comércios e atividades propostos na rua e até o próprio bairro, atraindo mais atenção à praça. Este comercio, próximo, poderá proporcionar atividades de trabalho para os idosos, sendo um terceiro foco de tentativa de inclusão deste contingente no espaço urbano

Desenvolvimento de aplicativo de análise técnica e econômica para adaptação de uma roda d’água acionada por cima para geração de energia elétrica no meio rural

The steel type AISI 4130 (ultra-high strength steel) is an alloy of low carbon and its main alloying elements are chromium and molybdenum, which improves the toughness of the weld metal. It has numerous applications, especially where the need for high mechanical strength. It is widely used in equipment used by the aviation industry, such as cradle-tomotor, and this is the motivation for this study. Cots are of fundamental importance, because the engine supports and maintains balance in the fixed landing gear. This equipment is subjected to intense loading cycles, whose fractures caused by fatigue are constantly observed. Will be determined the effects caused by re-welding the structure of aeronautical equipment, and will also study the microstructure of the metal without welding. The studies will be done on materials used in aircraft, which was given to study. The results provide knowledge of microstructure to evaluate any type of fracture that maybe caused by fatigue. Fatigue is a major cause of aircraft accidents and incidents occurred, which makes the study of the microstructure of the metal, weld and re-solder the knowledge essential to the life of the material. The prevention and control of the process of fatigue in aircraft are critical, since the components are subjected to greater responsibility cyclic loading

Genotipagem das mutações do gene humano que codifica a lectina ligante da manose de voluntários do Departamento de Parasitologia do Instituto de Biociências

A leishmaniose é uma doença causada pelo protozoário do gênero Leishmania, possuindo uma variedade de formas clínicas. A mais severa é a Leishmaniose visceral, que no Brasil é causada por L. chagasi e transmitida pelo flebotomíneo Lutzomia longipalpis. O cão, tanto o doméstico como o selvagem, é o principal reservatório no ciclo zoonótico da doença, que no Brasil ocorre principalmente na região nordeste. Através de estudos epidemiológicos realizados em áreas endêmicas, notou-se que apesar do elevado número de pessoas infectadas, poucas manifestavam a doença. Isso pode ser explicado pelo estado nutricional e imunológico do paciente, infecção por HIV e variabilidade das cepas, visto que a heterogeneidade genética e diversidade clonal estão relacionadas a variações nos fatores de virulência do parasita. A lectina que se liga à manose (Mannose-Binding Lectin), ou MBL, é uma proteína que pode estar relacionada ao desenvolvimento da doença, uma vez que pode se ligar a carboidratos na membrana externa de patógenos, agindo como uma opsonina e facilitando assim a ação de macrófagos. Altas concentrações desta proteína podem ser desvantajosas, uma vez que pode facilitar a infecção por LV. Genes mutados podem contribuir para a variação do nível sérico da proteína diminuindo as taxas de transcrição do gene. Concluindo, o projeto tem o intuito de identificar e genotipar mutações específicas no promotor e no exon 1 do gene que codifica a MBL em humanos. A realização do estudo permitirá também, a consolidação de uma base de dados para estudos posteriores envolvendo a genética populacional da Lectina Ligante de Manose

Intertextualidades, símbolos e mitos entre o romance Mygale e o filme A pele que habito

The award-winning and controversial movie by Pedro Almodóvar “The skin I live” (2011) is an adaptation of Mygale’s novel (1984), the French writer Thierry Jonquet (1954-2009), translated into Portuguese in 2005 as Tarântula. It is a horror story, full of suspense, in which a renowned surgeon, Robert Ledgard, played by Antonio Banderas, switches, without any scruples, the sex of the young Vincent. What it shown to the viewer since the first images of the movie is, therefore, Vicente/Vera in her new and perfect female body. Flashbacks clarify during the movie the events that culminated in the opening scene that is presented to us, surprising us and, of course, shocking us. References to myths and symbols can be noticed in the movie. They bring with them, to be recognized by the viewer, issues related to the creation or metamorphosis, among others, as the Pygmalion and Galatea myth, which binds to artistic creation. Artistic metamorphosis operated equally by the filmmaker in his modern version of the doctor and the monster, for example, but, especially, in the rereading of the Jonquet’s novel. This study seeks to highlight some of the major myths and symbols inserted in Almódovar’s movie and what interpretations such insertions may ensue.