Fontes de proteína em suplementos múltiplos para bovinos em pastejo no período das águas

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do fornecimento, no período das águas, de suplementos formulados com diferentes fontes de proteína sobre os parâmetros nutricionais de bovinos de corte em recria. Foram utilizados cinco novilhos mestiços Holandês × Zebu com peso vivo médio inicial de 300 kg, fistulados no esôfago e no rúmen, distribuídos em cinco piquetes de Brachiaria decumbens de 0,3 ha, em delineamento quadrado latino incompleto (5 × 5), com quatro períodos e cinco tratamentos, em quatro períodos experimentais de 14 dias. Como tratamentos, avaliaram-se suplementos à base de farelo de soja (FS), farelo de algodão (FA, 38% PB), farelo de glúten de milho (FGM, 60% PB) e farelo de trigo + uréia (FTU) e um tratamento testemunha, constituído apenas de mistura mineral (MM). A quantidade diária de suplemento fornecida foi fixada para fornecer aproximadamente 180 g de PB/dia. As fontes protéicas afetaram apenas o consumo de carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) e o de PB, que foi maior quando fornecido o suplemento à base de farelo de algodão e menor quando fornecida a mistura mineral. Não houve efeito das fontes protéicas sobre as digestibilidades total e parcial dos nutrientes. O pH e os níveis de nitrogênio amoniacal do líquido ruminal (N-NH3) não foram influenciados pelas fontes protéicas avaliadas, mas todos os valores mantiveram-se nos limites favoráveis à digestão da forragem. As fontes de proteína não afetaram a eficiência microbiana, em média 9,96 g PBmic/100g NDT, nem as concentrações de nitrogênio uréico no plasma (NUP), média de 12,78 mg/dL, e a excreção de nitrogênio na urina (NUr), média de 63,14 g/dia.

Predição de frações digestíveis e valor energético de subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais para bovinos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Estudo do balanço nitrogenado e da digestibilidade da matéria seca e proteína de rações, para ovinos, suplementadas com amiréia, uréia ou farelo de algodão

To evaluate the nutritional value of rations supplemented with different protein sources, an in vivo digestibility trial was conducted to determine the coefficients of digestibility for dry matter (DMDC) and crude protein (CPDC), nitrogen balance (NB) and the fecal non-protein nitrogen (NPN). Twenty - four 11-months - old lambs weighing 30.4 +/- 3.0 kg were blocked on the basis of their body weight and randomly allocated to three treatments groups; suplemented with cottonseed meal (CSM), starea (ST) or urea (UR). The DMDC was statistically superior for the Starea treatment (67.7%) over the others (64.3% and 64.1% for CSM and UR). The CSM, UR and ST rations had no influence on CPDC (63.9; 66.9 and 69.4%, respectively) and on fecal NPN (1,3; 1,2 e 1,3 g/day, respectively). The NB results were similar also among treatments (13,4; 9,0 e 10,5 g/day to CSM, UR and ST, respectively) although the ST treatment lambs excreted larger amounts of nitrogen in the urine (7.7 g/day) in relation to CSM (4.8g/day) and similar to UR treatment (6.5 g/day). Starea supplement in ruminant diets increased dry matter digestibility when compared to cottonseed meal and urea, but did not improve the efficiency of the nitrogen utilization by lambs.

Digestão total e pré-cecal dos nutrientes em potros fistulados no íleo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Sojas integrais tostada pelo vapor e extrusada em rações de poedeiras

An experiment with 400 laying hens Hy Line with 26 weeks of age was conducted to compare the performance of laying hens fed during four cycles of 28 days with diets containing soybean meal (SM) plus soybean oil (SBM+oil), whole extruded soybean (ESB) and whole steam toasted soybean (TSB). A completely design randomized blocks was used, with 10 treatments and five replicates and eight laying hens in each experimental unit. The treatments consisted on the replacement of SBM per ESB and TSB at the levels 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%; and as control the SBM with or without addition of oil. The results obtained showed that the hens were able to regulate the feed intake to maintain the energy intake only at lower energetic levels, however they tended to over intake energy with the increase of energy levels of the diets. The addition of oil or soybeans in the diets improved feed: gain ratio, however worsened the energy efficiency in relation to the diet without oil. The processing of soybean provided differences on the performance of laying hens and the ESB showed to be superior to TSB. The hens had higher use of the oil added to the soybean meal (SBM + oil) and ESB in relation to TSB. However, the values of AMEn obtained for the ESB were 12% higher, in average, to those determined for the SBM + oil and for the TSB.

Evaluation of whole toasted and extruded soybean on the performance of broilers

This experiment was conducted to compare the performance of 1260 chicks fed diets containing soybean meal plus soybean oil (SBM + oil), whole extruded soybean (ESB) and whole steam toasted soybean (TSB), with two protein levels. A complete randomized design was used, with six treatments and 3 replicates of each sex. The treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement 2 x 3 x 2 to test three soybean types (SBM + oil, ESB and TSB), two protein levels (optimum and suboptimum) and two sexes. From 1 to 49 days of age, the tested soybean types did not affect the diet intake. However, ESB provided higher weight gain in relation to SBM + oil, but it did not differ from TSB. The feed:gain ratio obtained with ESB and TSB was better in relation to SBM + oil. There was no difference between the nutritional value of TSB and ESB, because they provided similar performance to the birds.

Ganho de peso e alterações anatomopatológicas de tilápia-do-nilo arraçoadas com farelo de cacau

The experiment was carried out on the Laboratory of Fish Nutrition - F.M.V.Z., Campus Botucatu - integrated to the UNESP Aquaculture Center, with the main purpose of evaluating the effects of the use of cocoa meal (Theobroma cacao) on diets for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Six diets with increasing levels of cocoa meal (CM): 0% CM; 4% CM; 8% CM; 12% CM; 16% CM and 20% CM were fed for 120 days to the fingerlings, in a completely randomized design. Results showed no significant adverse effect of cocoa meal on weight gain (p>0.05), but there were restrictions to its use on diet, as it was found pathological effects on liver and also behavior disturbs caused by alkaloids present on the product.

Effect of enzyme supplementation of broiler diets based on corn and soybeans

Digestibility of diets based on corn and soybean meal or soybeans treated by roasting or extrusion, with or without an enzyme supplementation, was measured by true (Sibbald) methods, by analysis of excreta, and by analysis of ileal digesta. Only analysis of ileal digesta was able to consistently measure differences between soybean and enzyme treatments in the digestibility of CP, starch, fat, and ME. The amino acid (AA) digestibility of the diets was measured by analysis of the ileal contents. Whereas enzyme supplementation improved overall CP digestibility by 2.9%, this improvement was not equal for all AA. of the AA most important for broilers fed corn-soybean diets, the digestibilities of Lys, Met, and Arg were not improved or not improved significantly by the enzyme supplementation; however, that of Val was improved by 2.3% and that of Thr was improved by 3.0%. A performance trial demonstrated that enzyme supplementation with equal diet formulation improved BW and the feed conversion ratio by 1.9 and 2.2%, respectively. A second performance trial compared standard diet formulations with formulations using enzyme supplementation and energy levels that were reduced by the amount of improvement provided by the inclusion of enzyme in the first performance trial. No difference was seen between treatments, showing that the improvement of nutrient utilization brought about by enzyme supplementation completely compensated for the reduced energy content. Whereas enzyme supplementation should allow a reduction in CP formulation as well, individual AA were not improved equally by supplementation and should also be balanced.

Estudo do valor nutritivo do farelo de guandu [Cajanus cajan (L.) Miilps] var. fava larga na alimentação de frangos de corte. 1. Avaliação do tratamento térmico

The experiment was conducted to evaluate pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) protein in broiler chicks (up to 28 days of age) feeding, as compared to soybean (Glycine mar) protein, In the experiment the effects of temperature and autoclaving on antinutritional factors on pigeon pea meal were studied. Temperatures of 100, 110 e 120 degrees C and times of autoclaving of 10, 20 and 30 minutes were applied using a two-way factorial design, replicated in four times. Underheating and overheating during the process of inactivation of proteases inhibiting were evaluated by ureatic activity and protein solubility analysis, after the grains were dried and ground. After 28 days, the best time of autoclaving was 20 minutes (p<,05) irrespectively of temperature, which lead to a lower feed consuption. There were no histopathological alterations in kidney, liver, pancreas, heart and intestines of the broilers.

Avaliação das Farinhas de Peixe e Pena, no Confinamento de Bezerros Leiteiros Desmamados, Através de Dietas Calculadas em Termos de Proteína Bruta ou de Proteína Metabolizável

The objectives of this work were to evaluate three protein sources - soybean meal, fish meal and feather meal - and two methods of calculation of rations - the calculated in terms of crude protein (CP), according to recommendations of NRC (1988); and the proposed by the AFRC (1993), and calculated in terms of metabolizable protein (MP) - through the performance of calves. The animals were confined and submitted to five diets, that varied only protein sources in its composition, thus discriminated: SM- Soybean Meal, FsM- Fish Meal, FeM- Feather Meal, FsMU- Fish Meal and Urea, and FeMU Feather Meal and Urea. A complete diet was supplied, composed of 40% of sorghum silage and 60% of concentrate. All treatments possessed about of 2.56 Mcal/kg DM of metabolizable energy, being the treatments SM, FsM and FeM calculated by the system of CP, with 18% of CP, and the treatments FsMU and FeMU, calculated by the system of MP, with 16.3% of CP and a same amount of metabolizable protein than the treatment SM, with 112.0 grams of MP/day. Individually, the treatments did not present significant differences (P > 0.05) in the final alive weight, in daily gain weight and in dry matter intake, having differences only in the feed:gain ratio. The best feed:gain ratio happened in the treatment FsM and the worst in the treatment FeMU. It is concluded that the MP method provides similar results to the method of CP. The treatments with fish meal provide larger weight gains, smaller intake and better feed:gain ratio than the treatments with feather meal, staying the treatment soybean meal with intermediary daily gain.

Efeito da niacina e da monensina sódica no desempenho de novilhos em confinamento

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of combined and single monensin and niacin on the productive performance of crossbred young bulls (european/zebu) aged 11 months and initial average liveweight of 248 kg. The experimental design was a factorial randomized arrangement. The treatments were: T1-check, T2-niacin, T3-monensin and T4-niacin+monensin. All the treatments were isoproteic (11 %CP) and isoenergetic (78% TDN), composed of 57.3% roughage and 42.7% concentrate (soybean meal, maize, minerals and buffer). Data was collected over a period of 85 days, with liveweight measured every 28 days. It was conclued that, for this diet, the single supplementation of niacin does not increase the performance of bulls, and therefor it is not recommended. However, the ionophore monensin, single or on in combination with niacin, improves the performance of the animals up to 56 days of feedlot.

Metodologia rápida e eficiente para análise de pesticidas organoclorados em fubá

A rapid and efficient analytical method is presented for the quantitative analysis of 10 organochlorine pesticides in corn meal. The extraction and clean up steps are combined into one step by transferring the sample to a chromatographic column prepacked with alumina and silica gel. The pesticides are eluted with n-hexane-dichloromethane 9:1 (v/v) and the extracts analized by gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection, the average recoveries were between 78% and 98% and the detection limits were between 1 and 5 ng/g.

Determination of the betaine content of feed ingredients using high-performance liquid chromatography

A series of studies was conducted to establish a methodology for the accurate and efficient determination of betaine in different feed ingredients. The final methodology involves an extraction step in which the feed sample is heated for 3h in a methanolic KOH solution using a Goldfisch apparatus. Impurities are removed by the addition of activated charcoal and concentrated (36%) HCl. After centrifugation the extractant is passed through a strong cation exchange resin (Dowex 50W-X12, H+). The betaine retained in the column is eluted with 1.5 N HCl. A 2 nil aliquot of the elute is air dried and reconstituted with 1 ml of deionised water. HPLC separation with a cation exchange column (Partisil SCX-10) is used for the separation of betaine from other compounds. The mobile phase is kept constant at 50mm KH2PO4 in water, and eluted compounds are detected by UV absorbance (200nm). The flow rate is maintained at 1.5ml min(-1). This assay is very accurate over the range of betaine concentrations from 15 to 650 mug ml(-1), with a lower detection limit in feeds of approximately 500 mug g(-1) when 4g of sample is extracted. Recovery assays done with standard betaine hydrochloride and hard red wheat resulted in a consistent recovery of 80%. Betaine content was quantified in several feed ingredients, including alfalfa (1.77 mg kg(-1)), wheat (3.96 mg kg(-1)), wheat middlings (4.98 mg kg(-1)) and poultry meal (0.77 mg kg(-1)). Betaine in corn and soybean meal was not detectable by this method, even when 16g of sample was used (<125 mg kg(-1)). Betaine present in several feed ingredients should influence choline supplementation to animal feeds and may have implications for human health. (C) 2002 Society of Chemical Industry.

Uso de indicadores para estimar fluxos de matéria seca ileal em eqüinos fistulados

This experiment was carried out with six half-bred Bretao-Campolinacolts with ileum fistulated to evaluate the difference in the ileum dry matter flow estimated by chromic oxide, cellulose, NDF, lignin and fecal lignin through the collection of ileum samples digesta at 28 h intervals, totalizing six samples per animal, starting at 10:00 a.m. The animals were fed ad libitum with the following diets: R1: clephantgrass, R2: elephantgrass plus ground corn, and R3: elephantgrass plus ground corn plus soybean meal. The data was statistically described, based on the coefficient of variation. The values of dry matter prececal digestion coefficients were, respectively, for diets 1, 2 and 3, at six schedules, for cellulose (-16.4; 21.4 and 6.6%), NDF(-34.7; 28.8 and -12.8%), to lignin (-51.5; -5.1 and -25.7%), in two schedules for cellulose (-13.4; 25.6 and 21.5%), fecal lignin (-37.1, 16.6 and -6.4%) and chromic oxide (-219.3, 36.4 and 9.5%). The coefficients of variation were, respectively, for the diets i, 2 and 3, at six schedules, for cellulose (148.3; 107.5 and 522.7%), NDF (95.4; 80.9 and 314.3%), lignin (210.2; 752.3 and 209.6%), at two schedules for cellulose(148.5; 80.7 and 70.0%), fecal lignin, (262.4; 177.9 and 723.5%) and chromic oxide (141.1; 158.9 and 473.4%). In diet i, the ileum dry matter now were over estimated for all markers, showing that chosen collection lime to estimate the flows were not adequate. Based on the coefficient of variation of the diets 2 and 3, the cellulose at two schedules was the most marker indicator to determine the ileum dry matter flow.

Avaliação das Sub-Frações dos Carboidratos e das Proteínas, Usando as Metodologias do Cncps e In situ com Bovinos da Raça Nelore. 2. Milho e Farelo de Algodão

The chemical composition of corn and cottonseed meal was determined in accordance with the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) in diets with forage:concentrate ratios of 80:20 (D1) and 60:40(D2) using Nellore cattle. The potential and effective degradabilities of the carbohydrate and protein subfractions were also determined. For corn. diet 2 resulted in an increase for potentially degradable dry matter (DM). An increase was observed in the effective degradation of DM (EDDM) when lag time was not considered, however, the use of Eng time increased the EDDM for both diets, 23 and 18% for DI and D2. respectively. For cottonseed meal, diet 2 determined a reduction in the potentially degradable DM: therefore, the use of lag time increased the EDDM for bath diets, 14% for D1 and 15% for D2. The availability of corn starch (fraction B1) was lower than that determined by CNCPS. The higher values for the degradability of corn and cottonseed meal protein subfractions may indicate an underestimation by the model, and, or, could be attributed to the Zebu animals used in this study.