Aves colecionadas na localidade de Fazenda Caiuá (Paraná, Brasil) por Adolph Hempel, com discussão sobre a sua localizaç ão exata

The region known as the pioneer north of Paraná State can be considered one of the most severely modified in southern Brazil, due to the colonization that started at the end of 19th century. In this little known region, seldom visited by traveler naturalists of the past, the collector Adolph Hempel obtained an important series of bird specimens that constitute, in many cases, the only - and last - information concerning the avifauna of this region. For several reasons, Fazenda Cayoá has been associated with the State of São Paulo, although it was an important center for coffee in the early 20th. century and is near the left bank of Rio Paranapanema, thus in the State of Paraná.

Drought tolerance of two field-grown clones of Coffea canephora

We compared tolerance to soil drought of two field-grown clones of Coffea canephora (clone 46, drought-sensitive; and clone 120, drought-tolerant). Under irrigation, there were no marked differences between the clones in water relation parameters, gas exchange and total leaf area. Under rainfed conditions, clone 46 showed osmotic adjustment and increased tissue rigidity. These adjustments, however, were incapable of preventing substantial decreases in xylem pressure potential. By contrast, clone 120 did not exhibit osmotic adjustment, but was able to increase tissue elasticity and to maintain xylem pressure potentials to a greater extent than clone 46 (despite having twice the total leaf area of this clone). Stomatal conductance was lowered by drought in clone 120 but not in clone 46. Carbon assimilation per unit leaf area in both clones remained unaffected under stress. Long-term water use efficiency (WUE), as estimated through carbon isotope discrimination, was consistently greater in clone 120 than in clone 46. Because of these traits, clone 120 was better able to postpone dehydration and to maintain whole-tree photosynthesis. It is proposed that these features should decisively contribute to buffer its productivity in drought-prone areas. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Influence of carrageenan and total solids content on the rheological properties of lactic beverage made with yogurt and whey

The purpose of this work was to study the influence of carrageenan level (X 1) and total solids content of yogurt/whey mixture (X 2) on starter culture fermentation time, physicochetnical properties (pH, fat and total solids contents) and rheological characteristics of lactic beverages using response surface methodology. The physicochemical characteristics of the lactic beverages were similar to those of commercial products. All beverages showed non-Newtonian fluid behavior with thixotropy and yield stress. The total solids content of the lactic beverages had a greater influence on the rheological behavior of these products than the carrageenan level. Wide ranges of consistency measurements were observed by varying the stabilizer level and total solids content.

Screening for yeast with antibacterial properties from an ethanol distillery

A general screening for the expression of antibacterial activity and non-flocculating type of yeast strains from must and fermented broth of alcohol distilleries was performed. From 60 strains only Saccharomyces sp. M26 presented a inhibitory halo in Lactobacillus fermentum culture and significant reduction in the culture turbidity (71%) and specific growth rate (56%) when compared to the control. Freezing did not affect the antibacterial activity of the Saccharomyces sp. M26 extract and heating at 90°C for 20 min completely destroyed this activity. It is expected the decrease of lactic acid bacteria growth in the S. cerevisiae alcoholic fermentation should allow for better control of these bacteria in the process. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comportamento do cafeeiro apoatã em consórcio com culturas anuais

This study was conducted in Adamantina, region of Alta Paulista, São Paulo State, Brazil, from 1989 to 1993. Yield of Apoatã coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner) was evaluated during four years of intercropping with five plant species: IAC 20 - cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.); cv. Tatu - peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.); IAC 165 - rice (Oryza sativa L.); cv. Guarani - castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) and IAC 100-B - corn (Zea mays L.). The crops were seeded 50 cm apart from coffee canopy. The treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design with five replications. Yield was significantly decreased when coffee was intercropped with castor bean, corn, cotton and peanut, but height and diameter of orthotropic branches were not affected. Linear correlation analysis showed that coffee yield was inversely correlated with the dry biomass of the intercrops.

Influence of natural fruit juices in removing the smear layer from root surfaces - An in vitro study

Certain elements of a patient's diet may be associated with dentin hypersensitivity. The intent of this study was to evaluate the degree of removal of the smear layer from dentin surfaces by various fruit juices. A smear layer was created on extracted human teeth by manual scaling. The roots were reduced and distributed into 8 experimental groups. Distilled water was the negative control. The juices were applied by 2 methods: topical application and topical application with friction. Specimens were photomicrographed and graded according to an index of smear layer removal. With topical application, all but 2 of the tested substances resulted in significantly greater removal of the smear layer and opening of dentinal tubules than was the case with the negative control (p = 0.05); the exceptions were Gala apple and Italian grape juices, which were no different from the control. For the active application (with friction), most substances removed more smear layer than the control (p < 0.05); Gala apple, Italian grape and orange juices were similar to the control. For each of the tested substances, removal of the smear layer did not differ with the method of application (topical vs. friction; p > 0.05). It is concluded that natural fruit juices can remove the smear layer from dentin surfaces, and the efficacy of this removal varies with the type of juice. © J Can Dent Assoc 2004.

Assessment of the diet of 0- to 6-year-old children in municipal schools in a Brazilian city

Diet control is one of the important factors in the prevention of dental caries because food functions as substratum for fermentation and, consequently, for the formation of the organic acids that demineralize the tooth surface. This study aims to descriptively assess school diet and the associated caries-preventive methods applied to children in all municipal nursery schools of a Brazilian city (Aragatuba/SP). For this, a questionnaire with open and closed questions was used. The results showed that all schools serve school meal, which is composed mainly of sugar, carbohydrates, and proteins. The students enjoy the meal very much because for most of them, the meal served at school is the only source of food. It was observed that 90% of the schools offer other kinds of food besides the main school meal. The snacks served such as cakes, white hominy, and milk fudge are composed of sweet and highly cariogenic foods. It was also verified that in 13.30% of the schools, the daily supervised dental hygiene, an important procedure that should not be neglected, is not carried out. This procedure introduces the children to healthy habits that are added to those acquired in the family environment. It was concluded that the school diet is potentially cariogenic and, in association with the lack of daily dental hygiene, this potential may become even higher.

Comportamento de cultivares de cafeeiro em diferentes densidades de plantio

This experiment was developed at Adamantina, west region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, during May 1995 to June of 2000. The plant growth and productivity of two coffee cultivars Catuaí Amarelo IAC 47 and Obatã IAC 1669-20, were evaluated considering to plant densities of 2.500, 5.000, 7.519 and 10.000 plants ha-1. The density of 2500 also was studied with two plants in the same hole, spaced of 2,0 m in the plant line. The experimental design was the randomized completely blocks with three replications, using the split-plot system. The plots were the densities and the split-plots were the cultivars. Results showed that, with increasing of the planting density, the plant height also increased, while the stem and plant basis diameters were reduced, however the planting density did not affect the height of the first branch. The increase of the planting density also increased the field productivity and reduced the production of individual plant. The cultivation of two plants at the same hole reduced the stem diameter and the plant yield. The cultivar Catuaí Amarelo IAC 47 showed the higher plant height and the higher plant basis diameter while cv. Obatã IAC 1669-20 showed the higher stem diameter. The field productivity and individual plant productivity were not different between those cultivars in the period studied (1997-2000).

Crescimento inicial do cafeeiro irrigado com água salina e salinização do solo

The coffee crop is expanding to new areas with not enough studies about its response to saline irrigation water. The initial growth of coffee plant was evaluated, in greenhouse at the Engineering Department of the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), under different levels of irrigation water salinity. The completely randomized design was used with 6 treatments (S0 = 0.0 dS m -1, S1 = 0.6 dS m -1, S2 = 1.2 dS m -1, S3 = 1.8 dS m -1, S4 = 2.4 dS m -1 and S5 = 3.0 dS m -1) and 4 replications. The irrigation was accomplished according to soil water retention curve and resistance block reading, restoring the soil water content to its field capacity. It was verified that water salinity affected the plants characteristics significantly. The water salinity above 1.2 dS m -1 caused damage to plant development resulting, in some cases, in death of plants. The leaf area of plant was the variable most affected by salinity of irrigation water. By the end of the experiment, the soil was classified as saline-sodic.

Consumption of bottled water by children in the city of Bauru, State of São Paulo, Brazil - A brief communication

Objectives: To determine the consumption of bottled water by children in the city of Bauru, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: A stratified sample of the 17 areas established by the city plan was used to identify a total of 1,000 homes for visitation. Information was collected using a questionnaire concerning the type of water consumed and population demographics. Results: Overall, around 30 percent of all residences used bottled water. Among all households where bottled water was consumed, about 26 percent had children residing. For those with children and bottled water, 81 percent reported to use bottled water for the preparation of the children's foods and beverages. Conclusions: An important percentage of children consume bottled water in the city of Bauru, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Considering previous studies showing that fluoride concentrations vary in bottled water, public health measures should be implemented in order to guarantee adequate levels of fluoride in commercialized water. © 2007, American Association of Public Health Dentistry.

Crédito e pequena cafeicultura no oeste paulista: Franca/SP 1890-1914

This article turns on the importance of the small coffee production in the coffee complex economy between 1890 and 1914. We argue here the relations of work, the forms of financing and the way as the small coffee production inserts itself in this universe. We use as priority sources the employment contracts that involved the formation and/or the treatment of coffee trees and the Writes of mortgage debts, both recorded in Notarial Books, documents not used by historiography in a systematical way. We turns our look for a region marked predominantly for small and the middle producing farms of coffee, observing the dynamics of the accumulation in a period of expansion and crisis of the coffee economy.

Effects of Coffea arabica on Streptococcus mutans adherence to dental enamel and dentine

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Antimycobacterial activity of some Brazilian indigenous medicinal drinks

Tuberculosis (TB) is a very serious problem worldwide and the increasing number of multiple drugs resistant TB cases makes the search for new anti-TB drugs an urgent need. Indigenous knowledge about the use of native plants to treat illnesses has contributed to the discovery of new medicines. In this study, the antimycobacterial activity of seven medicinal drinks was assessed: Ananas sativus (hydroalcoholic fruit extract), Aristolochia triangularis (aqueous and hydroalcoholic leaf, root and stem extracts), Bromelia antiacantha (hydroalcoholic fruit extract), Stryphnodendron adstringens (hydroalcoholic bark extract), Tabebuia ovellanedae (hydroalcoholic bark extract), Vernonia polyanthes (hydroalcoholic root extract), all used by the Vanuíre indigenous community in the treatment of respiratory diseases. The activity was evaluated by using a time-to-kill assay, in which Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was cultured on Löwenstein-Jensen medium, after thirty minutes, one, three, six, twelve and twenty-four hours contact of the bacteria with each drink. Within half to one hour contact, the hydroalcoholic drinks of A. triangularis, S. adstringens, T. ovellanedae and V. polyanthes reduced the bacterial growth by 2 orders of magnitude in CFU/mL, and all bacterial growth was absent after three hours contact. In contrast, no mycobactericidal effect was detected in the aqueous extract of A. triangularis or in the hydroalcoholic beverages of A. sativus and B. antiacantha, even after twenty-four hours contact.

Scanning electron microscopic study of the in situ effect of salivary stimulation on erosion and abrasion in human and bovine enamel

This in situ study investigated, using scanning electron microscopy, the effect of stimulated saliva on the enamel surface of bovine and human substrates submitted to erosion followed by brushing abrasion immediately or after one hour. During 2 experimental 7-day crossover phases, 9 previously selected volunteers wore intraoral palatal devices, with 12 enamel specimens (6 human and 6 bovine). In the first phase, the volunteers immersed the device for 5 minutes in 150 ml of a cola drink, 4 times a day (8h00, 12h00, 16h00 and 20h00). Immediately after the immersions, no treatment was performed in 4 specimens (ERO), 4 other specimens were immediately brushed (0 min) using a fluoride dentifrice and the device was replaced into the mouth. After 60 min, the other 4 specimens were brushed. In the second phase, the procedures were repeated but, after the immersions, the volunteers stimulated the salivary flow rate by chewing a sugar-free gum for 30 min. Enamel superficial alterations of all specimens were then evaluated using a scanning electron microscope. Enamel prism core dissolution was seen on the surfaces submitted to erosion, while on those submitted to erosion and to abrasion (both at 0 and 60 min) a more homogeneous enamel surface was observed, probably due to the removal of the altered superficial prism layer. For all the other variables - enamel substrate and salivary stimulation the microscopic pattern of the enamel specimens was similar.

In vitro evaluation of the effect of natural orange juices on dentin morphology

The patient's diet has been considered an important etiological factor of dentin hypersensitivity. The frequent ingestion of acidic substances can promote the loss of dental structure or remove the smear layer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of smear layer removal and dentinal tubules exposure by different natural orange juices. Extracted human teeth were submitted to manual scaling in order to develop the smear layer. Seventy dentin samples were obtained and distributed into the following groups: Control, lime orange, lime, valência orange, navel orange, mandarin, and tangerine. Each group included 2 methods of application: Topical and topical + friction. After preparation for SEM analysis, photomicrographs were assessed by a blind calibrated examiner using an index system. The Kruskal-Wallis test indicated a significant influence of the orange juices on smear layer removal. Significant difference was observed between navel orange, valência orange, mandarin and the control group (p < 0.05). These orange juices resulted in greater removal of the smear layer and greater opening of dentinal tubules. The comparison between the application methods for each group using the Mann-Whitney test showed that friction increased smear layer removal significantly only for lime orange and lime. The data suggest that certain natural orange juices are more effective in terms of smear layer removal and dentinal tubules exposure than others.