540 resultados para Clínica e cirurgia
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INTRODUÇÃO: O hipertireoidismo é caracterizado pelo aumento da síntese e liberação dos hormônios tireoidianos pela glândula tireoide. A tireotoxicose refere-se à síndrome clínica decorrente do excesso de hormônios tireoidianos circulantes, secundário ao hipertireoidismo ou não. Este artigo descreve diretrizes baseadas em evidências clínicas para o manejo da tireotoxicose. OBJETIVO: O presente consenso, elaborado por especialistas brasileiros e patrocinado pelo Departamento de Tireoide da Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, visa abordar o manejo, diagnóstico e tratamento dos pacientes com tireotoxicose, de acordo com as evidências mais recentes da literatura e adequadas para a realidade clínica do país. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Após estruturação das questões clínicas, foi realizada busca das evidências disponíveis na literatura, inicialmente na base de dados do MedLine-PubMed e posteriormente nas bases Embase e SciELO - Lilacs. A força das evidências, avaliada pelo sistema de classificação de Oxford, foi estabelecida a partir do desenho de estudo utilizado, considerando-se a melhor evidência disponível para cada questão. RESULTADOS: Foram definidas 13 questões sobre a abordagem clínica inicial visando ao diagnóstico e ao tratamento que resultaram em 53 recomendações, incluindo investigação etiológica, tratamento com drogas antitireoidianas, iodo radioativo e cirurgia. Foram abordados ainda o hipertireoidismo em crianças, adolescentes ou pacientes grávidas e o manejo do hipertireoidismo em pacientes com oftalmopatia de Graves e com outras causas diversas de tireotoxicose. CONCLUSÕES: O diagnóstico clínico do hipertireoidismo, geralmente, não oferece dificuldade e a confirmação diagnóstica deverá ser feita com as dosagens das concentrações séricas de TSH e hormônios tireoidianos. O tratamento pode ser realizado com drogas antitireoidianas, administração de radioiodoterapia ou cirurgia de acordo com a etiologia da tireotoxicose, as características clínicas, disponibilidade local de métodos e preferências do médico-assistente e paciente.
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A literatura que descreve os resultados das correções cirúrgicas nos tecidos moles é limitada, pois apresenta significativa variação e não oferece conclusões definitivas. O propósito desse artigo é estudar retrospectivamente os efeitos das cirurgias ortognáticas maxilares tipo Le Fort I nos lábios superiores e inferiores de pacientes adultos e discutir os potenciais problemas envolvidos com a metodologia aplicada. Foram estudados 19 pacientes brancos de 19 a 42 anos de idade, sendo 10 homens e 9 mulheres, submetidos a cirurgias maxilares no Centro de Pesquisa e Tratamento das Deformidades Buco-Faciais - CEDEFACE (Araraquara, SP). A grande maioria dos casos apresentou, no mínimo, uma discrepância significativa, seja ântero-posterior ou vertical, reforçando a sua indicação cirúrgica. As alterações nos tecidos moles foram significativas quando as movimentações horizontais ou verticais da base óssea maxilar foram significativas, com uma relação de aproximadamente 0,6:1 entre as alterações ântero-posteriores do lábio superior e a movimentação da base óssea. Alterações verticais na maxila, sem significativas alterações horizontais, não foram suficientes para aumentar verticalmente o lábio superior. Ocorreram alterações ântero-posteriores do lábio inferior em conseqüência do deslocamento anterior e inferior da maxila, o que permitiu um melhor selamento labial. Alterações verticais não foram quantificadas no lábio inferior.
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As fibras de vidro e de polietileno podem ser utilizadas na prática ortodôntica em diversas situações clínicas, nos casos com ou sem extrações dentárias. Este artigo tem como objetivo mostrar algumas das aplicações clínicas nas quais as fibras contribuíram de forma significativa para a realização dos tratamentos ortodônticos, simplificando-os e aumentando a eficiência clínica. As fibras foram utilizadas principalmente em segmentos de ancoragem e na substituição da banda pela colagem da associação fibra/tubo nos molares.
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OBJETIVO: o avanço maxilomandibular é um método cirúrgico comumente usado no tratamento de pacientes acometidos pela Síndrome da Apnéia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS) e portadores de anormalidades anatômicas identificáveis neste complexo, que estreitam e/ou obstruem o espaço aéreo. O intuito deste estudo foi analisar variações cefalométricas do espaço aéreo faríngeo em indivíduos Classe II de Angle, após a cirurgia ortognática. METODOLOGIA: a amostra consistiu de telerradiografias laterais equivalentes aos períodos pré e pós-operatório de 30 indivíduos, divididos no grupo com avanço cirúrgico mandibular (n=15) e no grupo com avanço maxilomandibular (n=15). Os parâmetros cefalométricos usados permitiram avaliar o espaço aéreo posterior em 3 níveis: a hipofaringe (PFI-V), a orofaringe (PFM-PM, PFM-PO, PFM-U, PFM-Up) e a nasofaringe (PFM-PN, pm-PFS). A análise esquelética foi na base do crânio (N-S-Ba) e na mandíbula (Ar-Go-Me). A média das diferenças entre os valores pré e pós-operatórios das mensurações lineares (mm) e angulares (graus) foi avaliada pelo teste t pareado. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: estatisticamente, não houve redução do espaço aéreo faríngeo pós-avanço cirúrgico. O que se observou foi que apenas PFM-PO e PFS-pM se mantiveram constantes e na maioria restante os valores aumentaram.
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INTRODUÇÃO: numa época em que o mercado odontológico exige que os serviços prestados possuam qualidade diferenciada, a utilização adequada de profissionais auxiliares constitui uma ferramenta importantíssima para se obter aumento de produtividade no consultório. Para tanto, a correta utilização dessa ferramenta exige que a equipe auxiliar seja tecnicamente capacitada e envolvida num ambiente onde as funções delegadas estejam fundamentadas nos preceitos éticos e nas bases legais que regem a profissão. OBJETIVO: identificação do perfil técnico da equipe auxiliar, analisando-se a percepção destes profissionais quanto ao seu papel nas atividades pertinentes à clínica ortodôntica, com base na legislação vigente. METODOLOGIA: o presente levantamento foi desenvolvido com base num questionário aplicado a todos os profissionais que auxiliam diretamente os ortodontistas regularmente inscritos no CRO-GO, que atendem nas cidades de Goiânia e Aparecida de Goiânia (GO), no período de maio a julho de 2003. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: verificou-se que diversos procedimentos não estabelecidos nas normas que regem a delegação de funções em Odontologia estão sendo executados pela equipe auxiliar, demonstrando que o conteúdo dessa legislação está sendo ignorado ou descumprido.
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In the last decades, medical care has been increasingly permeated by the concept of evidence-based-medicine, in which clinical research plays a crucial role in establishing diagnostic and treatment. Following the improvements in clinical research, we have a growing concern and understanding that some ethical issues must be respected when the subjects are human beings. Research with human subjects relies on the principles of autonomy, beneficence, no maleficence and justice. Ordinance 196/96 from the National Health Board adds to the Brazilian legislation such renowned bioethical principles.Aim: Discuss the main ethical aspects involved in research with human subjects.Materials and Methods: Critical analysis of Ordinance 196/96 and related literature.Conclusion: Ordinance 196/96 rules research with human subjects; nevertheless, it requires more in-depth discussions regarding the informed consent, use of placebo, research with vulnerable populations and research in developing countries.
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The article discusses the relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia, based on the report of eight clinical cases. It describes and discusses cases of OCD with poor insight, obsessions that seem paranoid delusions or auditive hallucinations, OCD with transient psychotic reactions, OCD with schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia with obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
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A comparative study was made regarding the clinical and hematological alterations caused by isolates of Babesia bigemina from southeastern, northeastern and northern Brazil in experimentally infected Nelore calves. Eighteen calves between 7 and 9 months of age, without antibodies against Babesia sp and raised free from ticks, were used. Three animals were previously inoculated with 2.0×109 parasitic erythrocytes (PE) for each stabilate. The other 15 calves were subdivided into three groups, with five animals each, that were subinoculated with 1.0×1010 PE of the respective isolates. The clinical and hematological alterations were evaluated by the determination of parasitaemia, haemogram, plasmatic fibrinogen, reticulocyte count, descriptive analysis of the bone marrow and erythrocytic osmotic fragility, for 30 days, totalizing seven moments of observation. The follow-up of the immunological response by the indirect fluorescent antibody test was carried out daily until the 10th day after inoculation (DAI) and after that, on the 15th, 20th, 25th and 30th DAI. A mild clinical manifestation of the disease was observed. The laboratory findings revealed low levels of parasitaemia; decrease of the erythrogram values; absence of reticulocytes, initial decrease in the total count of leukocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes with a posterior elevation of the number of these cells; hypercellularity of the erythrocytic series and decrease of the myeloid: erythroid relation which was more accentuated between the 8th and 12th DAI, and an increase of the erythrocytic osmotic fragility in the groups inoculated with the Southeast and Northeast isolates. None of the three isolates of B. bigemina gave rise to the clinical characteristic form of the disease, although they induced an humoral immune response.
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This article reviews the metabolism of fructose and sorbitol, their main clinical indications and the consequences of inadequate use. Fructose, an important carbohydrate in the diet, is present mostly in fruits and vegetables; it can also be synthesized from glucose in the organism, through the sorbitol. Fructose is known for its metabolism's inherent errors, whose clinical manifestations are potentially serious, as well as for its use as a glucose substitute in the diabetic patients' diet, due to its metabolism not being dependent from insulin. In the last years, especially in developed countries, the consumption of fructose has increased considerably, due to its use as a sweetener in industrialized foods. However, adverse side-effects may occur with the excessive ingestion of fructose, such as the increase in blood's triglycerides and cholesterol. Therefore, to know which are the patients' normal blood levels is quite important for establishing the safe amount of fructose to be prescribed, as well as for allowing the screening of metabolism diseases associated with fructose.
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The administration of calcium channel blockers has been associated with gingival overgrowth. However, there are few studies in humans or animals that evaluated the effect of diltiazem on gingival tissues. The present study assessed the influence of diltiazem, at different dosages and treatment duration, on gingival tissues of rats, using clinical, histological and histometric analyses. Eighty young male rats were separated into eight groups according to the dosage and duration of treatment. Rats were treated for 20 or 40 days with a daily subcutaneous injection of 5, 20 or 50 mg/kg of body weight of diltiazem. The results confirmed that diltiazem did not induce gingival overgrowth in rats. For all animals, the evaluation did not show gingival alterations regardless of the dosages and periods of treatment. The histometric analysis showed no significant change in the area of epithelium and connective tissues, although after 40 days of treatment a decrease in the area of connective tissue was observed, without statistically significant difference from control groups. Within the limits of this study, we suggest that diltiazem did not induce gingival overgrowth.
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BACKGROUND: One of the great difficulties in evaluating a voice is the judgment of quality through the perceptual auditive analysis--although frequently used--, as it is influenced by socioeconomic and cultural aspects as well as individual preferences. Many are the adjectives and methods used in this assessment, especially because of the subjectivity involved in the process, leading to incompatibilities between listeners and difficulties in reaching a consensus on the use of this or that terminology. In such a context, the voice laboratory and more specifically the acoustic computerized analysis, has guided and complemented speech-language treatments. Among the several possibilities of spectrographic analysis, the (Long-Term Average Spectrum--LTAS) quantifies the quality of voices, pointing differences between gender, age, professional--spoken and sang--and dysphonic voices. The LTAS has been used a lot in researches that investigate voice. As it evidences the contribution of the glottic source and of resonance to the quality of voice, it provides objective parameters for the evaluation of this aspect which usually depends on our auditive perception. AIM: to demonstrate how LTAS can be applied in voice research and in the speech-language therapy practice, describing both the technical aspects required for the production and interpretation of results, and its limitations. CONCLUSION: The area of voice research has developed a lot in these last two decades especially because of the advent of the voice and speech laboratory. For this reason, the knowledge about the applicability of more tools for voice analysis, as the LTAS, as well as the existing need for more studies in this area, will most certainly contribute for the creation of new research areas not only in the field of professional voice but also in the field of therapy.
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Objectives: To describe the use of antenatal corticosteroid and clinical evolution of preterm babies. Methods: An observational prospective cohort study was carried out. All 463 pregnant women and their 514 newborn babies with gestational age ranging from 23 to 34 weeks, born at the Brazilian Neonatal Research Network units, were evaluated from August 1 to December 31, 2001. The data were obtained through maternal interview, analysis of medical records, and follow-up of the newborn infants. Data analysis was performed with the use of chi-square, t Student, Mann-Whitney, and ANOVA tests and multiple logistic regression, with level of significance set at 5%. Results: Treatment was directly associated with the number of prenatal visits, with maternal hypertension and with the antenatal use of tocolytic agents. Babies from treated pregnant women presented better Apgar scores at the 1st and 5th minute, reduced need for intervention in the delivery room and lower SNAPPE II. They were born with higher birth weight, longer gestational age and needed less surfactant use, ventilation, and oxygenation time. After multiple logistic regression, the use of antenatal corticosteroid independently improved birth conditions, decreased ventilation time, being related to increased occurrence of neonatal sepsis. Conclusions: The use of corticosteroid was associated with better prenatal care and birth conditions, better preterm evolution but higher risk of infection. © 2007 Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría.
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Trichosporon beigelii was isolated from four and three Holstein heifers with clinical and subclinical mastitis respectively, during the extension activities of Nucleus of Mastitis Research - NUPEMAS - FMVZ - UNESP - BOTUCATU - BRAZIL. This fungus is considered extremely important because it is responsible for superficial skin infections, known as white piedra. According with literature, there is no record of isolation of this agent from mastitis in Brazil. This fact confirms the importance of microbiological studies to lead the treatment correctly to prevent the increase of bacterial resistance and secondary fungal infections that uses the inefficient antimicrobial as substratum for its development.