A dinâmica do pensamento geométrico :aprendendo a enxergar meias verdades e a construir novos significados

This work is a case study to investigate the dynamics of the historians thought as they produce a knowledge about the history of the area measurement systems as forms of historical expressions and representations. We refer to some of the ideas of David Bohm (1989, 1992, 1994, 1996) to support our theoretical understanding about the operation of thought. We chose a period that is recognized by the theorists as the origin of the geometrical thought -embracing the knowledge developed by the Egyptians, Babylonians, Chinese, Hindus, Greeks and Romans- and is referred to as containing a cycle in the development of this knowledge, described as beginning, apogee and decline. We assume this history, as told by the theorists, as a version that we organize and tell with the help of three sets of categories. The first refers to the elements that take part in the measurement practices; the second refers to the historians understanding about the development of the scientific knowledge. This exercise allowed us to extract the theorists main beliefs, that we criticized in the light of the knowledge about Cubação (Dal Pian, 1990). We stress the importance of the methodological approach adopted in this study to the teaching of Geometry and its history

Um estudo sobre a relação entre matemática e religião na obra de Blaise Pascal

The aim of the present study is to investigate the way through which the relations between Mathematics and Religion emerge in the work of Blaise Pascal. This research is justified by the need to deepen these relations, so far little explored if compared to intersection points between Mathematics and other fields of knowledge. The choice for Pascal is given by the fact that he was one of the mathematicians who elaborated best one reflection in the religious field thus provoking contradictory reactions. As a methodology, it is a bibliographical and documental research with analytical-comparative reading of referential texts, among them the Oeuvres complètes de Pascal (1954), Le fonds pascalien à Clermont-Ferrand (2001), Mathematics in a postmodern age: a cristian perspective by Howell & Bradley (2001), Mathematics and the divine: a historical study by Koetsier & Bergmans (2005), the Anais dos Seminários Nacionais de História da Matemática and the Revista Brasileira de História da Matemática. The research involving Pascal's life as a mathematician and his religious experience was made. A wider background in which the subject matter emerges was also researched. Seven categories connected to the relation between mathematics and religion were identified from the reading of texts written by mathematicians and historians of mathematics. As a conclusion, the presence of four of these seven categories was verified in Pascal's work

Problemas e modelos que contribuíram com o desenvolvimento do cálculo diferencial e integral: dos gregos à Newton

This article refers to a research which tries to historically (re)construct the conceptual development of the Integral and Differential calculus, taking into account its constructing model feature, since the Greeks to Newton. These models were created by the problems that have been proposed by the history and were being modified by the time the new problems were put and the mathematics known advanced. In this perspective, I also show how a number of nature philosophers and mathematicians got involved by this process. Starting with the speculations over scientific and philosophical natures done by the ancient Greeks, it culminates with Newton s work in the 17th century. Moreover, I present and analyze the problems proposed (open questions), models generated (questions answered) as well as the religious, political, economic and social conditions involved. This work is divided into 6 chapters plus the final considerations. Chapter 1 shows how the research came about, given my motivation and experience. I outline the ways I have gone trough to refine the main question and present the subject of and the objectives of the research, ending the chapter showing the theoretical bases by which the research was carried out, naming such bases as Investigation Theoretical Fields (ITF). Chapter 2 presents each one of the theoretical bases, which was introduced in the chapter 1 s end. In this discuss, I try to connect the ITF to the research. The Chapter 3 discusses the methodological choices done considering the theoretical fields considered. So, the Chapters 4, 5 and 6 present the main corpus of the research, i.e., they reconstruct the calculus history under a perspective of model building (questions answered) from the problems given (open questions), analyzing since the ancient Greeks contribution (Chapter 4), pos- Greek, especially, the Romans contribution, Hindus, Arabian, and the contribution on the Medium Age (Chapter 5). I relate the European reborn and the contribution of the philosophers and scientists until culminate with the Newton s work (Chapter 6). In the final considerations, it finally gives an account on my impressions about the development of the research as well as the results reached here. By the end, I plan out a propose of curse of Differential and Integral Calculus, having by basis the last three chapters of the article

Aquelas leituras formadoras de culturas (Caicó-RN, século XIX)

La lecture faite du livre Seridó − XIXème siècle (Fazendas & livros), des historiens Medeiros Filhos et Faria, a été ce qui a déclenché l écrit de cette thèse de doctorat. La lecture intensive de ce livre a conduit au corpus documentaire de la recherche (livres scolaires, religieux et laïques, chronique, discours, documents ecclésiastiques, inventaires, testaments, mémoires d'enfance, articles journalistiques, rapports), et aussi au corpus du référentiel théorico-méthodologique de l'histoire culturelle de la lecture, en correspondance avec Roger Chartier et Robert Darnton. Dans la rigueur de l'écriture de la thèse, la recherche relative à la thématique lecture et absorptions culturelles nous a menés à définir comme objet d'étude les pratiques culturelles appropriées pertinemment aux lectures faites, entendues, murmurées, de nombreuses fois répétées et mémorisées, de livres scolaires imprimés, religieux et laïques qui circulaient à Caicó, dans les années mille huit cents. En vue de la lecture intensive et de l'extensive, l'objectif est d analyser, d'une part, des indices d'absorptions ou appropriations culturelles des enseignements de ces pratiques de lecture et, d'autre part, les entrelacements des enseignements relatifs à l'oralité, à la lecture, à l'écrit et à la scolarisation. La thèse défendue est que l'histoire de la lecture à Caicó, au XIXème siècle, est l'histoire de la lecture faite, entendue, murmurée, répétée et, encore, mémorisée, qui, soutenue par des textes de livres scolaires, religieux et laïques, se convertissait dans la production de biens culturels spécifiques, comme des cartes, inventaires, remèdes homéopátiques et faits maison, testaments, prières fortes de cure, vers de cordel, parmi beaucoup d'autres. En commençant avec l'intention d écrire une histoire de la lecture à Caicó, au XIXème siècle, nous comprenons que les pratiques culturelles, spécialement les pratiques des coutumes seridoenses, sont, excessivement, le résultat des appropriations de lectures de textes scolaires, religieux et laïques, stimulatrices d'autres pratiques de lectures intensives et extensives. Si la lecture faite, entendue, répétée, mémorisée et reconnue est liée à des pratiques de coutumes universelles et locales, malgré cela la force de l'oralité aurait été l élément essentiel de la reproduction et de la longévité de cette lecture, ainsi que de son passage du XIXème siècle au XXème et, encore, des vestiges de certaines permanences de ce XXIème siècle. En partie, ce réseau de pratiques culturelles, reproduit par la force de la transmission orale, persiste depuis l époque de nos arrière-arrière-grand-parents

Iconografia humorística no ensino de História :modalidade de uso na sala de aula

Plongés dans le temps présent, les dessins humoristiques, par la capacité de représenter, de suggérer et de communiquer une idée, marquent présence à l école et dans la salle de classe. Caractérisés par l utilisation d éléments comiques, satiriques et irôniques, outre la nature persuasive, ces dessins possibilitent le lecteur de faire une lecture critique des événements sociaux et politiques de notre société. En tant que langage visuel, structuré dans les formes verbale et icônique, de même que par le caractère analogique de représentation, les dessins humoristiques constituent un excellent recours pédagogique. Toutefois, ils sont longtemps restés inaperçus par l école et, seul récemment, ils sont devenus objet d investigation de la part des historiens. Dans ce sens, nous nous sommes proposés, dans cette étude, à analyser l utilisation de ces dessins par les professeurs d histoire des écoles publiques nommées Centros Paraibanos de Educação Solidária (CEPES), de João Pessoa, capitale de l Etat de Paraíba, en vue d appréhender et de discuter la façon dont ces professeurs font usage de ces dessins dans leur pratique pédagogique. Par le moyen des actions des professeurs, conçues comme des arts de faire, selon Certeau, et par l identification des usages qui se caractérisent comme des tactiques, nous avons essayé de percevoir comment se réalise le rapport humour et histoire, en salle de classe. La systématisation, la catégorisation et la narration des pratiques pédagogiques observées ont été réalisées par l analyse des questionnaires et des interviews appliqués aux professeurs et élèves, ainsi qu à l observation des classes. Notre recherche s est fondée sur les théories de Roger Chartier et Michel de Certeau, dont les concepts de représentation et d appropriation, d usages et de tactiques nous ont aidé à comprendre la forme par laquelle les sujets incorporés au quotidien de la salle de classe se sont appropriés de la dimension imagétique à travers l humour. A partir des concepts d usage et d appropriation nous avons identifié dans les actions et les parlers, la façon dont les dessins humoristiques sont travaillés par les professeurs. Conçus comme des registres visuels qui relatent des questions sociales, politiques et économiques, ces dessins sont perçus comme des registres visuels qui relatent des questions sociales, politiques et économiques, identifant, ainsi, les adversités du présent, dans le monde social

A educação destina a algumas crianças no Piauí (1730 1859)

L'histoire culturelle de l'éducation de l'enfant dans le Piauí, de l'année de 1730 à l'année de 1859, je mange écriture dans ce travail de thèse, est motivé dans l'analyse sócio-histórica de la forme scolaire à la lumière des théorisations des historiens Gui Vincent, Bernard Lahire et Daniel Thin, avec l'objectif de refléter concernant le passage d'instauration de la socialisation des enfants dans les écoles publiques, religieuses, particulières et domestiques. La recherche concernente à la thématique éducation de l'enfant dans leurs conceptions politiques et culturelles levou-em à définir, je mange objet d'étude, les manières d'instruire les enfants dans l'(s) école (s) et dans la (s) famille (s). La thèse du travail ici défendu est de que l'éducation destinée aux enfants dans le Piauí, dans la période de 1730 à 1859, était soumise aux acquisitions des habilités de lecture et d'écriture, principalement, analogue à leurs conceptions politiques et culturelles. La judicieuse recherche de corpus documentaire (licences, avertissements, troupeaux, lettres, correspondances, consultations, métiers, règlements, régiments, rapports, lois, dispositions, cartes scolaires, cartes d'inscriptions) pour l'écriture de la thèse il se procède nous quantités formulaires et digitales du Portugal, Brésil, Pará, Maranhão et Piauí. L'analyse de l'ensemble des sources nous a permis de comprendre que la socialisation scolaire de l'enfant dans le Piauí n'a pas maintenu le mêmes façons pendant cette longue période qui a été de 129 ans, malgré des récurrences, celui-là a acquis des formes et des sens divers qui variaient comme les circonstances politiques et culturelles, les exigences du commerce, les espaces et les sujets qui l'ont vécue intensément

Uma leitura dos exercícios dos excursos n Os Lusíadas

The Lusiads is an epic poem, written by Luís de Camões, about the adventure of Vasco da Gama s trip and the history of Portugal. It's based on traditionals epics from the Greek and Roman poets, Homero and Virgílio. Camões followes especially their structures. However, the poet insert modifications that divert his poem from parameters established by Aristóteles for the classic epic poems. These deviations are centered mainly on the narrative subject and in the point of view. We intend to show an analysis focused on digressions from The Lusiads, in which the author, himself or by tellers characters, narrates the story in order to make his complaints, reflections and exhortations. Besides, we present general aspects of Maneirismo predominant in these digressions how evidences of modernity of the poem; as one brief outlook about the poem's projection in time and around the world. These points are importants elements of consolidation of a universal permanence of The Lusiads. That's why they have had to read and to study by the centuries, according the vision of the epoch's spirit

A letra escarlate como romance histórico: uma história de fragilidade humana e tristeza

The objective of this paper is to analyze the work of the American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804 - 1864), The Scarlet Letter (1850), in the light of the contributions of Literature and History of the American people in the context of New England. Accordingly, we highlight aspects that justify the inclusion of the work as a historical novel, especially based on the reading of The Historical Novel (1936-37) written by Georg Lukács. The diversity of voices and social interrelationships that come out of the main characters of the plot of the novel, as well as their contextual buildings, constituted as important traces to understanding the novel as being of historical value. During our study, we found out that it is in the plots of the novels that the characters reflect, at the same time, the specific conditions of their singularities, the general trends of the historical process and the social conditions from which they arise. We also could see that it is in their singularities that lie special tendencies of human beings. Our references to this study came from scholars as Howard (1964), Bakhtin (1998), Eagleton (2006), Todorov (2009), Zabel (1947), Sellers (1985), Cunlife (1986), Candido (1993) and Schwarz (1981)

Gregório de Matos: do barroco à antropofagia

The exponential figure of Gregório de Matos e Guerra has been subject of many theoretical discussions through the years, since his apparition in a public place, in the 19th century, and even more, during the 20th century, when he was salvaged by the modernist vanguard. As a result, there are yet two antagonist points of view linked to Gregório de Matos, on one side, there some researchers who defend him, on the other, some of them attack him. The first ones say this poet from Bahia was the first literary voice in Brazil, from the Baroque basis, while the last ones say he is a merely plagiarist of the Spanish poets from the 17th century, without a real contribution to the development of Brazilian Literature. With this in mind, this thesis follows the perspective this poet is an anthropophagus-baroque, devouring cultures, with an active participation in the process of our cultural and literary identity. For that reason, it was made a literature review about the biography of this poet trying to break romantic descriptions, emphasizing some scientific facts that can contribute to present the baroque profile of this poet. In this sense, it was discussed the History of Literature focused on this creole poet, mainly based on the historians point of view about the Gregorian poetry in the formation of Brazilian Literature scenery. In the defense of the hypothesis that Gregório de Matos was our first anthropophagus, this work aims to analyze how his poetry reveals the intrinsic characteristics of Baroque and Anthropophagy, focusing its carnivalesque aspect, showing to the world, with a satiric tone, the idiosyncrasies of human life. In this way, analyzing this corpus in Spanish is the strength of this thesis because, besides it is previously unpublished, it contributes to the comprehension of the anthropophagy as a theoretical mechanism that explains the process of formation of our cultural literary identity. Then, we have Augusto de Campos (1968; 1978; 1984; 1986; 1988), Haroldo de Campos (1976; 2010a; 2010b; 2011), Severo Sarduy ([1988?]), Oswald de Andrade (1945; 1978; 2006), Mikhail Bakhtin (2010), Octavio Paz (1979), Segismundo Spina (1980; 1995; 2008), Afrânio Coutinho (1986a; 1986b; 1994), Affonso Ávila (1994; 1997; 2004; 2008), among others, to constitute this theoretical scenery. The Gregorian poetry, in this way, have contributed to the formation of baroque-anthropophagic scenery in Brazilian boundaries, with a special attention to the transition of time, because he is not only from the 17th century, established by the historiography, but his work is present nowadays due to the contemporaneously of his themes, centered to the eternal doubts of baroque man

As estruturas sociais e econômicas do Império Romano do Ocidente e o estabelecimento do reino dos visigodos nas Galliae Aquitania e Narbonensis

In the year 376 of the Common Era, a tribe of Germanic warriors known as Tervingi , of Gothic extraction, crossed the Hister (Danube) river due south, entering the Roman Empire. They fled the Huns, a nomadic group that came plundering their way from the East. It did not take long for a conflict between the Roman imperial authorities and the refugees to begin. Peace was reached in 382 and, henceforth, the Tervingi would be officially foederati (allies) of the Romans, gaining the right to remain an autonomous tribe inside the borders of the Empire. For the next thirteen years the Tervingi warriors fought beside the Roman imperial armies in every major conflict. Nevertheless, after the death of the emperor Theodosius I in 395, their relations deteriorated severely. In theory, the Tervingi remained Roman allies; in practice, they begun to extort monies and other assets from the emperors Honorius and Arcadius. The sack of Rome by the Tervingi king Alaric in 410 was both the culmination and the point of inflection of this state of affairs. During the 410s the Tervingi warriors would fought again beside the Roman Imperial armies and be rewarded with a piece of land in the southwestern portion of the Gallic diocese. Dubbed Visigoths , they would remain trusted Roman allies throughout the next decades, consolidating their own kingdom in the process. This dissertation deals not only with the institution of the Visigothic kingdom in the southwestern portion of the Galliae but also with the social and economic conditions that hindered the Roman ability to defend their territory by themselves, hence opening opportunities for foederati like the Tervingi to carve out a piece of it for themselves.

A participação feminina no movimento estudantil secundarista como espaço de luta política (anos de 1980)

The history of women has been an important thematic in the field of Historiography in recent years. Many History scholars have discussed thematics related to genre, pointing out their relationship and conflicts. These new thematics are also the result of a series of changing in history that bring out new problems, subjects and approaches. Our aim in this work is to analise the experience of women militants inserted into the student secondarist movement (ME) in Rio Grande do Norte in the years of 1980 s. Discussing the concepts of History and Spaces, we try to analise the political spaces of ME through public and private spaces that make part of the student militant life, pointing out the conflicts faced during their standing into the movement. To a better understanding of the ME political overview, we set a summary to point out the reconstruction of the student entities reorganized after the military governments, as well as we picture a general picture of this women s insertion in history. We use the oral source as the main methodological resource to the development of our work

Os filhos de Tereza: narrativas e religiosidade na Boa Vista dos Negros/RN

CAVIGNAC, J. A. . Os filhos de Tereza: narrativas e religiosidade na Boa Vista dos Negros/RN. Tomo, São Cristovão, SE, n. 11, p. 77-102, jul./dez. 2007. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 16 mar. 2015.