A participação dos sujeitos e a reflexão coletiva das práticas na formação docente

Cet article propose, à partir d'une analyse de trois expériences différentes de la formation des enseignants, voir la pratique de l'enseignant comme une réalité et la comprendre, dans cette perspective, dynamique, génératrice de contenu et possible d être transformée. Une étude menée par un groupe de chercheurs de Sao Paulo do Potengi / RN avec des enseignants des écoles municipales dans les années 70, la mise en oeuvre du projet de réorientation curriculaire par le Bureau d Éducation de la ville de São Paulo - SP en 1989, et le cours Pédagogie de la Terre à l UFRN créée en 2002 sont pris en compte dans ce travail, comme des références dans la formation des enseignants qui démontrent à la fois les référentiel théorique et les actions développées sur la pertinence des réflexions par rapport à l'enseignement pratique comme point de départ quand on cherche à transformer l'école. Du matériel de lecture sur la manière dont ces processus de formation des événements a été possible de détecter la présence de deux éléments qui semblent être importants: la participation des personnes concernées et le reflet de leurs pratiques. Nous avons cherché à comprendre comment ces éléments apparaissent dans la pratique de deux étudiants du cours de Pédagogie de la Terre au cours de leurs classes de stage, en cherchant à identifier la façon dont ils font avancer ce point de vue de ce qui se passe dans le processus de formation. L'étude fait remarquer que la participation des sujets comme la réflexion collective des pratiques peuvent être cruciale pour la compréhension d'un enseignement qui peut être dynamique et de transformation des sujets, et qu elle peut se passer dans un processus de construction collective du savoir marquée par une refléxion et d une manière critique de faire et réflexive d'elle-même dans l'autonomie scolaire, améliorer la qualité de l'enseignement et le renforcement de l'enseignant et de l'élève comme des sujets actifs dans la reconstruction de leurs connaissances

Alfabetizar letrando: investigação-ação fundada nas necessidades de formação docente

The accomplished researches in the education field focus on the importance of the accomplishment of actions involved in the analysis of the needs to graduate teachers as a way to adequate to socialcultural changing that require more and more a creative activity to prepare teachers in their graduation perspective. The worry with a fail at school linked to public school students lead us to make this thesis which goals are: investigate the needs of the graduation of teachers at public Elementary Schools concerning to the subjacent knowledge to the development of a pedagogic practice of alphabetizing with literacy and (re)create, with some teachers as active participants in the researches, knowledge regarding the process of alphabetization with literacy , based on the graduation of teachers. The study was accomplished in a municipal Elementary School in the Ceará-Mirim city, located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, which offers both I and II levels of the Elementary School, 7 teachers and the principal of the school were subjects of our researches. The starting point was the needs of the graduation as subject phenomena, socially created and that allow people to be aware of the goals of a graduation. The investigative broach is qualitative, whose fundamental purpose is the understanding of the meanings, symbols, values and intentions of the mankind actions, as regards to other humanbeing and the contexts in which they interact. Within this context, we chose the investigation-action for we consider this kind of research a place for investigation and professional graduation, in which teachers and the researcher herself assume responsibility of problematizing, build the needs of graduation and think about their practices. As proceedings to create and analyze data, we developed participant observations during the activities in classroom; semi-structured interviews (individual and in groups) with teachers and the principal; analysis of documents and meetings at school for reflexive studies that enabled us to gather data in a pyramidal panoramic view and analyze the contents. The research revealed that the analysis of necessities to graduate teachers is a resource able to contribute to the planning of projects of keeping on graduating more properly, and thus create a critical and reflexive identity for teachers. This way, it was possible the graduation necessities could be revealed and also the knowledge of teachers as regards to alphabetization inserted in a perspective of literacy. Nowadays, conceptualized needs upon difficulties of teachers, there is a tendency to translate them into theorization of problems, without application to these knowledge of teachers, as well as their wishes for changing, especially when those needs are built to analyze and consider concrete practices. Therefore, the graduation experiences have enabled the abandon of a mechanical broach for teaching reading and writing. It has also lead teachers to assume a posture of providing their students the understanding about the reading and writing processes and their functions as social instruments. The graduation theme contents allowed the knowledge to conceive reading and writing in new perspectives, according to their social functions, so that they can improve the education with literacy quality. This theoretical construction has enabled us to understand and consider the necessities of the graduation as progressive process, and has given us the possibility of re-think our own learning processes at the university and review the pedagogical practices of public school teachers. Our conclusion is that once teachers consider their own graduation needs, it contributes to change their concepts and practices in education and literacy, even though there used to be many difficulties in their graduation and organization of the pedagogical work

A pegada de carbono como um dos indicadores de sustentabilidade para medição da responsabilidade socioambiental empresarial: um estudo de caso na unidade sede da Petrobras em Natal-RN

As a contemporary tendency, it is been evidenced that the environmental changes theme, already admitted as a concernment to international economical and political reality, is also gaining repercussion on industrial and business sector. Firms are implementing actions on trial to minimize their own greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions impacts. However, the great majority of those actions of Corporative Social-Environmental Responsibility (CSR) are referred only to direct emissions of the main production systems. Direct emissions are those derived of an isolate process, without considering the upstream and downstream processes emissions, which respond for the majority of emissions originated because of respective firm‟s production system existence. Because the greenhouse effect occurs globally and the GHG emissions contribute to the environmental changes independently of their origin, it must be taken into account the whole productive life cycle of products and systems, since the energy invested on resources extraction and necessary materials to the final disposal. To do so, it must be investigated all relevant steps of a product/production system life cycle, tracking all activities which emit greenhouse gases, directly or indirectly. This amount of emissions consists in the firm‟s Carbon Footprint. This research purpose is to defend the Carbon Footprint relevance and its adoption viability to be used as an Environmental Indicator on measurement/assessment of CSR. It has been realized a study case on Petrobras‟s seat unity at Natal-Brazil, assessing part of its Carbon Footprint. It has been used the software GEMIS 4.6 to do the emissions quantifying. The items measured were the direct emissions of the own unity vehicles and indirect emissions of offset paper (A4), energy and disposable plastic cups consumed. To 2009, these emissions were 3.811,94 tCO2eq. We may conclude that Carbon Footprint quantification is indispensable to the knowledge of real emissions caused by a productive process existence, must serving as basis to CSR decisions about the environmental changes reversion challenge