Efeito da adição de diatomita no comportamento reológico e mecânico de argamassas colantes

The mortar is a type of adhesive products used in large scale in construction, it is a function of its variety and ease of application . Although industrialized product and endowed with technology in its production is very frequent occurrence of the same pathology , which causes frequent damage and losses in the construction industry. Faced with this real market situation , the technical and scientific study of the effects of the addition of diatomite on the rheological and mechanical behavior of adhesive mortars are needed. This work back as a suggestion the use of diatomite as a mineral additive in formulations of adhesive mortars for partial replacement of cellulose based additives . The choice of using this mineral occurs through physical, chemical and rheological properties that justify its use in this product line , and is a raw material abundant in our region and can thus contribute positively to the minimization of direct costs cellulose -based additives . Industrial adhesive mortar used for comparison , was type AC1 . Formulations of adhesive mortar with diatomite held constant dosed quantities of sand, cement and the water / cement (w / c ) , or adhesive mortar formulations were developed with levels 10, 20, 30 and 40% of diatomite substituting part of the cellulose -based additives . These mortars were subjected to the following tests that define and evaluate the rheological and mechanical behavior of this type of mortar. The results attest the best performance of the adhesive mortar type AC1 with partial replacement of 30 % of the cellulose-based additive for diatomite

Análise da eficiência de aquecedor solar espiral com e sem efeito estufa para piscinas

The technical and economic viability of solar heating for swimming pools is unquestionable, besides there it replaces the high costs and environmental impacts of conventional supply of energy, and it improves an optimization in the pool heating uses. This work applies the principles of the greenhouse effect: advanced thermodynamics, heat retention and equalization of temperature, to optimize the solar heating equipment, reducing the area required by collectors as much as 40% (still estimated value) for commercial collectors, with minor architectural and aesthetic impacts on the environment. It features a solar heating alternative in pools, whose main characteristics: low cost, simplicity in manufacturing and assembly and a faster heating. The system consists of two collectors spiral hoses made of polyethylene with a hundred meters each, and working on a forced flow, with only one pass of the working fluid inside the coils, and is used to pump itself treatment of pool water to obtain the desired flow. One of the collectors will be exposed to direct solar radiation, and the other will be covered by a glass slide and closed laterally, so providing the greenhouse effect. The equipment will be installed in parallel and simultaneously exposed to the sun in order to obtain comparative data on their effectiveness. Will be presented results of thermal tests for this the two cases, with and without transparent cover. Will be demonstrated, by comparison, the thermal, economic and material feasibility of these systems for heating swimming pools.

Análise de desempenho de um refrigerador de pequeno porte com drop in de refrigerantes hidrocarbonetos

From what was stated in the Montreal Protocol, the researchers and refrigeration industry seek substitutes for synthetic refrigerants -chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and HCFCs (HCFC) - that contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer. The phase-out of these substances was started using as one of the replacement alternatives the synthetic fluids based on hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs) that have zero potential depletion of the ozone layer. However, contribute to the process of global warming. HFC refrigerants are greenhouse gases and are part of the group of gases whose emissions must be reduced as the Kyoto Protocol says. The hydrocarbons (HC's), for not contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer, because they have very low global warming potential, and are found abundantly in nature, has been presented as an alternative, and therefore, are being used in new home refrigeration equipment in several countries. In Brazil, due to incipient production of domestic refrigerators using HC's, the transition refrigerants remain on the scene for some years. This dissertation deals with an experimental evaluation of the conduct of a drinking fountain designed to work with HFC (R-134a), operating with a mixture of HC's or isobutane (R-600a) without any modification to the system or the lubricating oil. In the refrigeration laboratory of Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte were installed, in a drinking fountain, temperature and pressure sensors at strategic points in the refrigeration cycle, connected to an acquisition system of computerized data, to enable the mapping and thermodynamics analysis of the device operating with R-134a or with a mixture of HC's or with R-600a. The refrigerator-test operating with the natural fluids (mixture of HC's or R-600a) had a coefficient of performance (COP) lower than the R-134a

Efeito da adição de colesterol e ecdisona na produção in vitro do baculovírus spodoptera frugiperda MNPV

Among the pests that attack corn crop in Brazil, there is Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), known as fall armyworm, which is the major corn pest. Due to genetic instability during serial passage of baculoviruses in insect cell culture, the viral bioinseticides in vitro production development is the greatest challenge for mass production of this bioproduct. Successive passages of virus using extracellular viruses (BVs), necessary during viral bioinseticides production scaling up, leads to the appearance of aberrant forms of virus, a process so called as "passage effect ". The main consequence of passage effect is the production of occlusion bodies (OB) decrease, preventing its production using in vitro process. In this study, it was carried out a serial passage of baculovirus Spodoptera frugiperda multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus, isolate 18, using Sf21 cells. A decrease in the production of occlusion bodies from 170 to 92 in the third to fourth passage was observed. A factorial experimental design (22) was employed to verify the influence of two input variables, concentration of the hormone 20 - hydroxyecdysone (CH) and cholesterol (CC) on the values of response variables (volumetric and the specific OB production) of the process, seeking to define the optimum operating ranges trying to reverse or minimize the passage effect. The result indicated a negative influence of the cholesterol addition and positive effect in the hormone supplementation which the optimum range found for the concentrations studied were 8 to 10μg/mL and 5 to 6.5 mg / mL, for cholesterol and hormone concentrations respectively. New experiments were performed with addition of hormone and cholesterol in order to check the influence of these additives on the OB production independently. While the best result obtained from the factorial experiment was 9.4 x 107 OB/mL and 128.4 specific OB/cell, with the addition of only 6μg/mL 20-hydroxyecdysone these concentrations increased to 1.9 x 108 OB/mL and 182.9 OB/cell for volumetric and specific OB production, respectively. This result confirms that the addition of the hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone enhances the SfMNPV in vitro production process performance using Sf21 cells

Efeito de variáveis de processo no tempo de fermentação e na concentração das dicetonas vicinais totais

Among the main challenges in the beer industrial production is the market supply at the lowest cost and high quality, in order to ensure the expectations of customers and. consumers The beer fermentation stage represents approximately 70% of the whole time necessary to its production, having a obligatoriness of strict process controls to avoid becoming bottleneck in beer production. This stage is responsible for the formation of a series of subproducts, which are responsible for the composition of aroma/bouquet existing in beer and some of these subproducts, if produced in larger quantities, they will confer unpleasant taste and odor to the final product. Among the subproducts formed during the fermentation stage, total vicinal diketones is the main component, since it is limiting for product transfusion to the subsequent steps, besides having a low perception threshold by the consumer and giving undesirable taste and odor. Due to the instability of main raw materials quality and also process controls during fermentation, the development of alternative forms of beer production without impacting on total fermentation time and final product quality is a great challenge to breweries. In this work, a prior acidification of the pasty yeast was carried out, utilizing for that phosphoric acid, food grade, reducing yeast pH of about 5.30 to 2.20 and altering its characteristic from flocculent to pulverulent during beer fermentation. An increase of six times was observed in amount of yeast cells in suspension in the second fermentation stage regarding to fermentations by yeast with no prior acidification. With alteration on two input variables, temperature curve and cell multiplication, which goal was to minimize the maximum values for diketones detected in the fermenter tank, a reduction was obtained from peak of formed diacetyl and consequently contributed to reduction in fermentation time and total process time. Several experiments were performed with those process changes in order to verify the influence on the total fermentation time and total vicinal diketones concentration at the end of fermentation. This experiment reached as the best production result a total fermentation time of 151 hours and total vicinal diketone concentration of 0.08 ppm. The mass of yeast in suspension in the second phase of fermentation increased from 2.45 x 106 to 16.38 x 106 cells/mL of yeast, which fact is key to a greater efficiency in reducing total vicinal diketones existing in the medium, confirming that the prior yeast acidification, as well as the control of temperature and yeast cell multiplication in fermentative process enhances the performance of diketones reduction and consequently reduce the total fermentation time with diketones concentration below the expected value (Max: 0.10 ppm)

Estudo dos parâmetros de extração de fenol de efluentes aquosos por um tensoativo não iônico

Environmental sustainability has become one of the topics of greatest interest in industry, mainly due to effluent generation. Phenols are found in many industries effluents, these industries might be refineries, coal processing, pharmaceutical, plastics, paints and paper and pulp industries. Because phenolic compounds are toxic to humans and aquatic organisms, Federal Resolution CONAMA No. 430 of 13.05.2011 limits the maximum content of phenols, in 0.5 mg.L-1, for release in freshwater bodies. In the effluents treatment, the liquid-liquid extraction process is the most economical for the phenol recovery, because consumes little energy, but in most cases implements an organic solvent, and the use of it can cause some environmental problems due to the high toxicity of this compound. Because of this, exists a need for new methodologies, which aims to replace these solvents for biodegradable ones. Some literature studies demonstrate the feasibility of phenolic compounds removing from aqueous effluents, by biodegradable solvents. In this extraction kind called "Cloud Point Extraction" is used a nonionic surfactant as extracting agent of phenolic compounds. In order to optimize the phenol extraction process, this paper studies the mathematical modeling and optimization of extraction parameters and investigates the effect of the independent variables in the process. A 32 full factorial design has been done with operating temperature and surfactant concentration as independent variables and, parameters extraction: Volumetric fraction of coacervate phase, surfactant and residual concentration of phenol in dilute phase after separation phase and phenol extraction efficiency, as dependent variables. To achieve the objectives presented before, the work was carried out in five steps: (i) selection of some literature data, (ii) use of Box-Behnken model to find out mathematical models that describes the process of phenol extraction, (iii) Data analysis were performed using STATISTICA 7.0 and the analysis of variance was used to assess the model significance and prediction (iv) models optimization using the response surface method (v) Mathematical models validation using additional measures, from samples different from the ones used to construct the model. The results showed that the mathematical models found are able to calculate the effect of the surfactant concentration and the operating temperature in each extraction parameter studied, respecting the boundaries used. The models optimization allowed the achievement of consistent and applicable results in a simple and quick way leading to high efficiency in process operation.

efeito da aplicação de uma solução salina no crescimento e na composição química da atriplex nummularia

This study aimed to analyze the effect of a saline solution on growth and chemical composition of Atriplex nummularia, shrubby plant, absorbing salts used in the diet of animals and the management of water and saline soils. These plant seedlings were planted and grown in a reserved area at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. The plantation was divided into two blocks, in which one of them was irrigated with saline solution with a concentration of 2840 mgL-1 of NaCl and the second group was irrigated with drinking water. After six months, the plants were collected, harvested and divided into three parts: leaf, thin and thick stem. Monthly, dimension measurements were carried out for cataloging the growth of Atriplex. Ion Chromatography (IC) and Optical Emission Spectroscopy Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES) were used to analyze the chemical composition of the partition plant parts. The results of these analyses revealed that an absorption process of anions and cations by Atriplex nummularia plant during its growth was achieved, in particular by a higher concentration of sodium and chloride ions. Scanning electron microscopy images showed and confirmed the presence of small crystals on the leaf surface. Electrical conductivity and pH measurements of the aerial parts of the plant were carried out and these results showed that the leaf is the plant part where there is a largest concentration of ions. In addition, measurements of specific surface were obtained from irrigated plants with saline solution, achieving higher surface area, in all cases. Plant dimensions obtained monthly showed that the plants irrigated with water grew 5% more than those plants irrigated with saline solution. Based on results obtained, Atriplex plant showed a higher potential to survive and adapt to environments (aquatic or geological) with high levels of salinity and this property can be used as a tool for removing salts/metals from industrial contaminated soils and effluents.

Efeito do topiramato sobre o craving em usuários de crack

The study aims to analyze the effects of topiramato on the craving of crack users. It is an open crossover clinical trial involving users from the Psychosocial Care Center for Alcohol and Drugs (CAPSad) in city of Parnamirim, RN, approved by the CEP CAAE: 38710614.1.0000.5537, respecting the norms of the resolution n. 466/2012/CNS. The study produced preliminary two scientific papers: a theoretical essay and an integrative review, as a way of seeking the state of art. The first paper was based in the theoretical framework of Hinds, Chaves and Cypress, which focuses different contexts, from the issues of individual use to the coping policies in Brazil, highlighting that the situation and the complexity of the phenome requires coping strategies for the full attention to the user, family and society. As a result of the integrative review, among the 902 retrieved records, eight of them presented therapeutic schemes with positive effects for the craving of cocaine. They used nine different drugs. It is important to spot out that there was no result for the craving of crack. The data collection was conducted from December 2014 to July 2015 and has as sample predominantly single males. The sample was composed of 30 subjects who met the inclusion criteria: adults, age from 18 years, diagnosis of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) for cocaine/crack; cognitive capacity preserved; attendance to the service, participated at least three visits in the 12 months prior to data collection; and accepted to be monitored in the proposed treatment. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics from the Statistical Package of Support for Social Sciences (SPSS) on the instruments: 1) Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), pointing out, among other results, that only 14% used crack/cocaine weekly during treatment, while 83% used daily or weekly after the washout period; 2) Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, with an average of 80.23 and 77.47 with and without drug treatment, respectively. An analysis from the Student t test show no significant differences in impulsivity with or without the drug; and 3) Cocaine-Craving Questionnaire-Brief (CCK-B), indicating that the number of users with craving intensity level is significantly higher without drug treatment (86%) than with treatment (33%). The analysis between craving and level of impulsivity showed that there is a low correlation (Pearson) between these two variables during treatment and after the washout, demonstrating that impulsivity has low influence on the outcome of drug therapy. As conclusion, it was noted that the topiramate produces positive effect on reducing the craving for crack users and their use is a relevant strategy for efficacy in the treatment of crack users.

Efeito do topiramato sobre o craving em usuários de crack

The study aims to analyze the effects of topiramato on the craving of crack users. It is an open crossover clinical trial involving users from the Psychosocial Care Center for Alcohol and Drugs (CAPSad) in city of Parnamirim, RN, approved by the CEP CAAE: 38710614.1.0000.5537, respecting the norms of the resolution n. 466/2012/CNS. The study produced preliminary two scientific papers: a theoretical essay and an integrative review, as a way of seeking the state of art. The first paper was based in the theoretical framework of Hinds, Chaves and Cypress, which focuses different contexts, from the issues of individual use to the coping policies in Brazil, highlighting that the situation and the complexity of the phenome requires coping strategies for the full attention to the user, family and society. As a result of the integrative review, among the 902 retrieved records, eight of them presented therapeutic schemes with positive effects for the craving of cocaine. They used nine different drugs. It is important to spot out that there was no result for the craving of crack. The data collection was conducted from December 2014 to July 2015 and has as sample predominantly single males. The sample was composed of 30 subjects who met the inclusion criteria: adults, age from 18 years, diagnosis of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) for cocaine/crack; cognitive capacity preserved; attendance to the service, participated at least three visits in the 12 months prior to data collection; and accepted to be monitored in the proposed treatment. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics from the Statistical Package of Support for Social Sciences (SPSS) on the instruments: 1) Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), pointing out, among other results, that only 14% used crack/cocaine weekly during treatment, while 83% used daily or weekly after the washout period; 2) Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, with an average of 80.23 and 77.47 with and without drug treatment, respectively. An analysis from the Student t test show no significant differences in impulsivity with or without the drug; and 3) Cocaine-Craving Questionnaire-Brief (CCK-B), indicating that the number of users with craving intensity level is significantly higher without drug treatment (86%) than with treatment (33%). The analysis between craving and level of impulsivity showed that there is a low correlation (Pearson) between these two variables during treatment and after the washout, demonstrating that impulsivity has low influence on the outcome of drug therapy. As conclusion, it was noted that the topiramate produces positive effect on reducing the craving for crack users and their use is a relevant strategy for efficacy in the treatment of crack users.

Avaliação do efeito do liraglutida nos tecidos muscular e adiposo e nos parâmetros bioquímicos em camundongos Swiss submetidos à dieta de cafeteria e a atividade física

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by adipose tissue formation excess leading to an increase in body fat mass, of multifactorial origin, produced mainly by poor eating habits combined with a sedentary lifestyle. Data consider obesity as a serious disease that affects the world's population, ranking fifth in death rates. Faced with this situation, individuals seek, increasingly, means to lose weight with less physical effort and food. In 2009 and 2010 the drug liraglutide was lauched in order to reduce weight in individuals with diabetes mellitus type 2, thus avoiding the emergence of other diseases. The aggravating factor is that obese nondiabetic individuals are making use of this substance, even if its use is not authorized by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency). Thus the objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of liraglutide for muscle or fat tissues and biochemical parameters in Swiss mice submitted to cafeteria diet and physical activity. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use - CEUA (nº003 Protocol / 2014). For this study 74 animals (Swiss mice) were used, divided as follows: in the initial phase of this study, we carried out a pilot study (n = 10) divided into a control group (PCON) (n = 5) and cafeteria group (PCAF) (n = 5), in order to evaluate a cafeteria diet which was both attractive to the animals and that could provide an increase in adipose tissue. After the induction of the diet, animals were euthanized and as a result, the animals in the PCAF group showed an intra-abdominal adiposity 0.74 ± 0.05 g, taken as the parameter for increasing fat in animals. Subsequently the study base was conducted for this research where animals were used (n = 64) divided into 2 groups: the Cafeteria Study Base Group (EBCAF) divided as follows: cafeteria + exercise + liraglutide (CEL) (n = 8), cafeteria + exercise + saline (CES) (n = 8), cafeteria + liraglutide (CL) (n = 8) and cafeteria + saline (CS) (n = 8). The Chow Study Base group (EBR) was divided into: exercise + liraglutide (EL) (n = 8), exercise + saline + (ES) (n = 8), liraglutide (L) (n = 8) and saline solution (SS) (n = 8). All animals went through the submission process to the cafeteria diet, followed by exercise protocol through swimming and treatment with the test substance intraperitoneally (200 mg / mL / kg). After the treatments, the animals were euthanized and had the following parameters evaluated: the muscle tissue mass, adipose tissue mass and biochemical parameters. It was observed that the processing done with the exercise-associated liraglutide reduced adipose tissue mass significantly (0.32 ± 0.05 g) compared to the saline group (0.53 ± 0.07 g). There were no changes in the muscle tissue of the group which was treated and exercised (1.39 ± 0.03 g) compared to the saline group (1.33 ± 0.03 g). Regarding biochemical parameters it was evident that there were changes in these parameters. Interesting to note that, although blood glucose values have been changed, the animals did not become diabetic. Thus, it appears that physical activity together with liraglutide is eficcient to the loss of intraabdominal adipose tissue and the maintenance of lean body mass thereby generating a satisfactory result in the pursuit of quality of life and disease prevention.

Avaliação do efeito do liraglutida nos tecidos muscular e adiposo e nos parâmetros bioquímicos em camundongos Swiss submetidos à dieta de cafeteria e a atividade física

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by adipose tissue formation excess leading to an increase in body fat mass, of multifactorial origin, produced mainly by poor eating habits combined with a sedentary lifestyle. Data consider obesity as a serious disease that affects the world's population, ranking fifth in death rates. Faced with this situation, individuals seek, increasingly, means to lose weight with less physical effort and food. In 2009 and 2010 the drug liraglutide was lauched in order to reduce weight in individuals with diabetes mellitus type 2, thus avoiding the emergence of other diseases. The aggravating factor is that obese nondiabetic individuals are making use of this substance, even if its use is not authorized by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency). Thus the objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of liraglutide for muscle or fat tissues and biochemical parameters in Swiss mice submitted to cafeteria diet and physical activity. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use - CEUA (nº003 Protocol / 2014). For this study 74 animals (Swiss mice) were used, divided as follows: in the initial phase of this study, we carried out a pilot study (n = 10) divided into a control group (PCON) (n = 5) and cafeteria group (PCAF) (n = 5), in order to evaluate a cafeteria diet which was both attractive to the animals and that could provide an increase in adipose tissue. After the induction of the diet, animals were euthanized and as a result, the animals in the PCAF group showed an intra-abdominal adiposity 0.74 ± 0.05 g, taken as the parameter for increasing fat in animals. Subsequently the study base was conducted for this research where animals were used (n = 64) divided into 2 groups: the Cafeteria Study Base Group (EBCAF) divided as follows: cafeteria + exercise + liraglutide (CEL) (n = 8), cafeteria + exercise + saline (CES) (n = 8), cafeteria + liraglutide (CL) (n = 8) and cafeteria + saline (CS) (n = 8). The Chow Study Base group (EBR) was divided into: exercise + liraglutide (EL) (n = 8), exercise + saline + (ES) (n = 8), liraglutide (L) (n = 8) and saline solution (SS) (n = 8). All animals went through the submission process to the cafeteria diet, followed by exercise protocol through swimming and treatment with the test substance intraperitoneally (200 mg / mL / kg). After the treatments, the animals were euthanized and had the following parameters evaluated: the muscle tissue mass, adipose tissue mass and biochemical parameters. It was observed that the processing done with the exercise-associated liraglutide reduced adipose tissue mass significantly (0.32 ± 0.05 g) compared to the saline group (0.53 ± 0.07 g). There were no changes in the muscle tissue of the group which was treated and exercised (1.39 ± 0.03 g) compared to the saline group (1.33 ± 0.03 g). Regarding biochemical parameters it was evident that there were changes in these parameters. Interesting to note that, although blood glucose values have been changed, the animals did not become diabetic. Thus, it appears that physical activity together with liraglutide is eficcient to the loss of intraabdominal adipose tissue and the maintenance of lean body mass thereby generating a satisfactory result in the pursuit of quality of life and disease prevention.

Síntese, caracterização e estudo da associação em meio aquoso de copolímeros responsivos de carboximetilcelulose-g-Jeffamine®

This thesis presents the synthesis, characterization and study of the associative behaviour in aqueous media of new responsive graft copolymers, based on carboxymethylcellulose as the water-soluble backbone and Jeffamine® M-2070 e Jeffamine® M-600 (commercial polyetheramines) as the thermoresponsive grafts with high cloud point temperatures in water. The synthesis was performed on aqueous medium, by using 1-ethyl-3- (3-(dimethylamino)-propyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxysuccinimide as activators of the reaction between carboxylategroupsfrom carboxymethylcellulose and amino groups from polyetheramines. The grafting reaction was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and the grafting percentage by 1H NMR. The molar mass of the polyetheramines was determined by 1H NMR, whereas the molar mass of CMC and graft copolymers was determined by static light scattering. The salt effect on the association behaviour of the copolymers was evaluated in different aqueous media (Milli-Q water, 0.5M NaCl, 0.5M K2CO3 and synthetic sea water), at different temperatures, through UV-vis, rheology and dynamic light scattering. None of the copolymers solutions, at 5 g/L, turned turbid in Milli-Q water when heated from 25 to 95 °C, probably because of the increase in hydrophibicity promoted by CMC backbone. However, they became turbid in the presence of salts, due to the salting out effect, where the lowest cloud point was observed in 0.5M K2CO3, which was attributed to the highest ionic strength in water, combined to the ability of CO3 2- to decrease polymer-solvents interactions. The hydrodynamic radius and apparent viscosity of the copolymers in aqueous medium changed as a function of salts dissolved in the medium, temperature and copolymer composition. Thermothickening behaviour was observed in 0.5M K2CO3 when the temperature was raised from 25 to 60°C. This performance can be attributed to intermolecular associations as a physical network, since the temperature is above the cloud point of the copolymers in this solvent.

Efeito do treinamento muscular inspiratório com diferentes cargas na força e função de músculos respiratórios

Background: The inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has been considered an option in reversing or preventing decrease in respiratory muscle strength, however, little is known about the adaptations of these muscles arising from the training with charge. Objectives: To investigate the effect of IMT on the diaphragmatic muscle strength and function neural and structural adjustment of diaphragm in sedentary young people, compare the effects of low intensity IMT with moderate intensity IMT on the thickness, mobility and electrical activity of diaphragm and in inspiratory muscles strength and establish a protocol for conducting a systematic review to evaluate the effects of respiratory muscle training in children and adults with neuromuscular diseases. Materials and Methods: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, controlled trial, sample of 28 healthy, both sexes, and sedentary young people, divided into two groups: 14 in the low load training group (G10%) and 14 in the moderate load training group (G55%). The volunteers performed for 9 weeks a home IMT protocol with POWERbreathe®. The G55% trained with 55% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and the G10% used a charge of 10% of MIP. The training was conducted in sessions of 30 repetitions, twice a day, six days per week. Every two weeks was evaluated MIP and adjusted the load. Volunteers were submitted by ultrasound, surface electromyography, spirometry and manometer before and after IMT. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20.0. Were performed Student's t-test for paired samples to compare diaphragmatic thickness, MIP and MEP before and after IMT protocol and Wilcoxon to compare the RMS (root mean square) and median frequency (MedF) values also before and after training protocol. They were then performed the Student t test for independent samples to compare mobility and diaphragm thickness, MIP and MEP between two groups and the Mann-Whitney test to compare the RMS and MedF values also between the two groups. Parallel to experimental study, we developed a protocol with support from the Cochrane Collaboration on IMT in people with neuromuscular diseases. Results: There was, in both groups, increased inspiratory muscle strength (P <0.05) and expiratory in G10% (P = 0.009) increase in RMS and thickness of relaxed muscle in G55% (P = 0.005; P = 0.026) and there was no change in the MedF (P> 0.05). The comparison between two groups showed a difference in RMS (P = 0.04) and no difference in diaphragm thickness and diaphragm mobility and respiratory muscle strength. Conclusions: It was identified increased neural activity and diagrammatic structure with consequent increase in respiratory muscle strength after the IMT with moderate load. IMT with load of 10% of MIP cannot be considered as a placebo dose, it increases the inspiratory muscle strength and IMT with moderate intensity is able to enhance the recruitment of muscle fibers of diaphragm and promote their hypertrophy. The protocol for carrying out the systematic review published in The Cochrane Library.

Análise experimental do efeito da diversificação em carteiras de ações: a relação entre risco e quantidade de ativos sob a ótica da estratégia ingênua

The objective is to analyze the relationship between risk and number of stocks of a portfolio for an individual investor when stocks are chosen by "naive strategy". For this, we carried out an experiment in which individuals select actions to reproduce this relationship. 126 participants were informed that the risk of first choice would be an asset average of all standard deviations of the portfolios consist of a single asset, and the same procedure should be used for portfolios composed of two, three and so on, up to 30 actions . They selected the assets they want in their portfolios without the support of a financial analysis. For comparison we also tested a hypothetical simulation of 126 investors who selected shares the same universe, through a random number generator. Thus, each real participant is compensated for random hypothetical investor facing the same opportunity. Patterns were observed in the portfolios of individual participants, characterizing the curves for the components of the samples. Because these groupings are somewhat arbitrary, it was used a more objective measure of behavior: a simple linear regression for each participant, in order to predict the variance of the portfolio depending on the number of assets. In addition, we conducted a pooled regression on all observations by analyzing cross-section. The result of pattern occurs on average but not for most individuals, many of which effectively "de-diversify" when adding seemingly random bonds. Furthermore, the results are slightly worse using a random number generator. This finding challenges the belief that only a small number of titles is necessary for diversification and shows that there is only applicable to a large sample. The implications are important since many individual investors holding few stocks in their portfolios

Aproveitamento da fibra do epicarpo do coco babaçu em compósito com matriz epóxi: estudo do efeito do tratamento da fibra

Nowadays the environmental issues are increasingly highlighted since the future of humanity is dependent on the actions taken by man. Major efforts are being expended in pursuit of knowledge and alternatives to promote sustainable development without compromising the environment. In recent years there has been a marked growth in the development of reinforced composite fiber plants, as an alternative for economic and ecological effects, especially in the substitution of synthetic materials such as reinforcement material in composites. In this current study the chemical- physical or (thermophysics )characteristics of the babassu coconut fiber, derived from the epicarp of the fruit (Orbignyda Phalerata), which the main constituents of the fiber: Klason lignin, insoluble, cellulose, holocellulose, hemicellulose and the content of ash and moisture will be determined. A study was conducted about the superficial modification of the fibers of the epicarp babassu coconut under the influence of chemical treatment by alkalinization, in an aqueous solution of NaOH to 2.5% (m/v) and to 5.0% to improve the compatibility matrix / reinforcement composite with epoxy matrix. The results of the changes occurred in staple fibers through the use of the techniques of thermogravimetric analyses (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results found on thermal analysis on samples of fiber without chemical treatment (alkalinities), and on fiber samples treated by alkalinization show that the proposed chemical treatment increases the thermal stability of the fibers and provides a growth of the surface of area fibers, parameters that enhance adhesion fiber / composite. The findings were evaluated and compared with published results from other vegetable fibers, showing that the use of babassu coconut fibers has technical and economic potential for its use as reinforcement in composites