A Matemática e as suas conexões com o quotidiano: à descoberta da Matemática no dia-a-dia

O presente relatório foi elaborado no âmbito do Mestrado em Ensino de Matemática do 3º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e Secundário, no ano lectivo de 2010/2011. Este estudo tem como objectivo descrever o trabalho realizado por mim e pelo meu grupo de estágio ao longo de todo o estágio pedagógico, assim como analisar e reflectir sobre as conexões que o processo ensino/aprendizagem poderá estabelecer entre a Matemática e o dia-a-dia dos educandos. Como vivemos num mundo global e multicultural, repleto de contínuas mudanças, torna-se importante reflectir sobre a Matemática e as suas aplicações no mundo em que vivemos, uma vez que esta ciência goza de diversas conexões com o quotidiano. Deste modo, com o presente trabalho pretende-se procurar e demonstrar evidências de que a Matemática é um conhecimento que encontra-se presente em tudo o que nos rodeia, sendo imprescindível demonstrar aos alunos e à sociedade as suas conexões e utilidades na vida quotidiana. Assim, estaremos a contribuir para que estes vejam a Matemática como um saber que permite a evolução do mundo e da mente humana representando esta ciência, um património mundial.

Solid phase microextraction, mass spectrometry and metabolomic approaches for detection of potential urinary cancer biomarkers: a powerful strategy for breast cancer diagnosis

A sensitive assay to identify volatile organic metabolites (VOMs) as biomarkers that can accurately diagnose the onset of breast cancer using non-invasively collected clinical specimens is ideal for early detection. Therefore the aim of this study was to establish the urinary metabolomic profile of breast cancer patients and healthy individuals (control group) and to explore the VOMs as potential biomarkers in breast cancer diagnosis at early stage. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) using CAR/PDMS sorbent combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was applied to obtain metabolomic information patterns of 26 breast cancer patients and 21 healthy individuals (controls). A total of seventy-nine VOMs, belonging to distinct chemical classes, were detected and identified in control and breast cancer groups. Ketones and sulfur compounds were the chemical classes with highest contribution for both groups. Results showed that excretion values of 6 VOMs among the total of 79 detected were found to be statistically different (p < 0.05). A significant increase in the peak area of (−)-4-carene, 3-heptanone, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 2-methoxythiophene and phenol, in VOMs of cancer patients relatively to controls was observed. Statiscally significant lower abundances of dimethyl disulfide were found in cancer patients. Bioanalytical data were submitted to multivariate statistics [principal component analysis (PCA)], in order to visualize clusters of cases and to detect the VOMs that are able to differentiate cancer patients from healthy individuals. Very good discrimination within breast cancer and control groups was achieved. Nevertheless, a deep study using a larger number of patients must be carried out to confirm the results.