O “elo perdido” entre a organização mundial do comércio e o fundo monetário internacional

One of the main objectives of the Bretton Woods negotiations was to guarantee the firm control over competitive exchange rate devaluations, which had worsened the effects of the economic crisis of the 1930s. The par value exchange rate system was thus created, representing a link between the international financial system and the international trading system, guaranteeing, to the latter, the neutrality of the currency issue. The present article analyses how the institutional revolutions suffered by the IMF ended up representing the loss of this link and discusses its consequences to the WTO

Exchange rate management techniques

This briefing note addresses the question: What revisions of financial regulation and financial governance in Brazil are necessary to support Brazilian development? What’s in place and what’s missing? The focus here is a dimension of financial regulation and governance: the regulation of capital flows and of exchange rate operations. The arguments are organized in the following manner. In the next section, we summarize the impacts of th crisis on the emerging-market economies and on the regulation of the international monetary and financial system. The third section discusses the post-crisis dilemmas faced by these economies. Finally, the fourth section presents some policy recommendations for Brazil.

After balance of powers diplomacy, globalization´s politics

The September 11th episode not only marked the end of the Cold War, but of the Balance of Powers Diplomacy, through which the nation-states defin e themselves as enemies, and solve their problems with war or war threat. Today the major countries do not have enemies among other nation-states. Slowly Globalization’s Politics replace the previous system, as long as globalization gets regulated, and the rule of law emerges at international level. In the global world we have three types of countries: the rich, the ones of intermediary development, and the poor. Globalization is inherently unjust to the latter. Unable to compete in a world where competition prevails everywhere, such countries are either just outside the system, or, frustrated, recur to terrorism. Interests, however, do not point out only in the direction of inequalities. Through politics, i.e., through debate and argument, it will be possible to create a less unjust international law system. And also though it, the hope in an international government ceases to be a mere utopia.

Democracia e revolução capitalista

A democracia tornou-se o regime preferido apenas no século XX. Para entender esse processo, um método puramente de escolha racional não é suficiente. O autor busca um novo fato histórico que levou a essa mudança de preferência e o encontra na Revolução Capitalista. Por parte dos capitalistas, a democracia é p regime político que melhor assegura os direitos de propriedade e o cumprimento de contratos. Por parte dos trabalhadores, é o regime que garante que os salários cresçam mais proporcionalmente em relação aos lucros. No plano internacional, atualmente, os principais países não têm inimigos dentre ou outros estados-nação. Aos poucos, a Política de globalização substitui o antigo sistema a Diplomacia de Equilíbrio de Poderes a medida em que a globalização é regulamentada, e o império da lei emerge no plano internacional. Globalização é inerentemente injusta para com os países pobres e em desenvolvimento, que são incapazes de competir em um mundo onde a competição prevalece em toda a parte. Tais países são simplesmente excluídos do sistema ou, frustrados, recorrem ao terrorismo. Através do debate e argumentação, será possível criar um sistema internacional legal menos injusto. E através dele, há esperança de que a idéia de um governo internacional deixe de ser mera utopia.

Interesse, ideologia & incompetência: a guerra do Iraque e o segundo consenso de Washington

Este projeto continua a avançar o programa de pesquisa que relaciona desenvolvimento econômico e democracia: pretende-se neste projeto dar um passo adiante e examinar como a democracia, uma vez consolidada como fruto do desenvolvimento capitalista, se torna ela própria um fator de desenvolvimento, particularmente quando ela deixa de ser uma mera democracia de elites para se tornar uma democracia de sociedade civil, na qual o debate público passa a ser um elemento central.

Os fluxos internacionais de capitais para investimentos em portfólio no mercado financeiro doméstico : uma análise do caso brasileiro de 1994 a 2000

Esta dissertação procura avaliar, dentro de um contexto de economia globalizada, o comportamento dos fluxos de capitais estrangeiros para investimentos nas economias emergentes, com foco no Brasil e nos investimentos em portfólio. Considera que os fluxos desses capitais têm crescido, dramaticamente, nos últimos anos e que as propostas de reformulações do sistema financeiro internacional e a adoção de controles desses capitais não estão totalmente claras, merecendo maiores estudos. Por meio de comparação entre os fluxos para investimentos em portfólio e os direcionados para investimentos diretos, o texto, aborda e questiona também, conceitos que, geralmente, relacionam esses capitais à incidência de crises, enquanto que os fluxos de capitais para investimentos diretos são associados ao crescimento de alguns países.

Fiscal adjustment, conditionality and politics in IMF programs

A common feature in programs of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the use of conditionalities, macroeconomic and structural measures that a requesting country should adopt to obtain an assistance package. The objective of this work is to conduct an empirical analysis of the economic and political determinants of such conditionalities. In particular, our main contribution consists in the development of a new measure of conditionality, fiscal adjustment, and its comparison with the most used in the literature, the number of conditions. We choose fiscal adjustment because it is an adequate proxy for program austerity, since its implementation carries economic and political costs. In the empirical exercise, we use data from 184 programs in the period of 1999 and 2012, and estimate how our two measures of conditionalities respond to the economic and political factors. Our results suggest that they are quite different. The main determinant of the number of conditions is the political proximity of the borrowing country to the Fund’s major shareholders, the members of G5. On the other hand, the main determinant of fiscal adjustment is the size of the government fiscal deficit. Finally, we did not find correlation between the size of fiscal adjustment and the number of conditions. These results suggest that the analysis of the content of IMF programs should take into account the different measures of agreed conditionality.

O bitcoin como moeda paralela: uma visão econômica e a multiplicidade de desdobramentos jurídicos

A existência de instrumentos monetários paralelos àqueles “oficiais” não é um fenômeno recente: ao longo da história, diversas foram as formas e ocasiões em que circularam moedas paralelas. No entanto, nos últimos anos, esses instrumentos fundiram-se com a tecnologia, atingindo um alcance praticamente ilimitado, trazendo consequências que ainda não se sabe como estimar. Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar um caso específico de moeda paralela de alta complexidade tecnológica, o Bitcoin, e descrever quais têm sido os posicionamentos adotados por uma série de jurisdições a esse respeito. Trata-se de uma aproximação mais palatável da linguagem da Tecnologia da Informação e da Economia aos operadores do Direito. O estudo estende-se na direção de propor uma reflexão acerca do significado de se reconhecer no Bitcoin uma moeda paralela – muito embora a discussão acerca de ser ou não moeda constituir apenas uma das discussões possíveis. Explora-se quais têm sido as opções de regulação adotadas pelos Estados que se vêem obrigados a assumir uma posição em relação às moedas virtuais, em geral, e ao Bitcoin, em particular. Percebe-se que a terminologia escolhida pelas jurisdições no tratamento do Bitcoin resulta na sua inclusão em diferentes categorias do Direito e, como consequência direta disso, as implicações jurídicas variam de acordo com a terminologia adotada. O principal tratamento dispensado ao Bitcoin é aquele via tributação, notando-se a preocupação de cada Estado em classificar juridicamente o Bitcoin de acordo com a regulação específica que se pretende invocar a incidência. De acordo com o levantamento realizado, 62 jurisdições já assumiram um posicionamento em relação ao Bitcoin. Com cada vez mais atenção dispensada por órgãos regulatórios internacionais – como é o caso do Banco Central Europeu e do Fundo Monetário Internacional – o Bitcoin reforça seu potencial e suas limitações, principalmente no tocante aos desafios enfrentados à uma regulação eficaz. A conclusão deste trabalho procura reforçar que o tratamento jurídico dispensado a fenômenos novos não é uniforme, e que, uma vez encarado pelo viés da teoria econômica que reconhece a existência das moedas paralelas, o Bitcoin pode ser mais facilmente apreendido em um aparato regulatório.

Citizens and the future of multilateralism in a polycentric world at 2030: the perspectives of emerging countries for the trading system: the impasse of WTO, the trends of mega agreements, the logic of value chains and the advent of consumers concerns on international trade

A new paradigm is modeling the World: evolutionary innovations in all fronts, new information technologies, huge mobility of capital, use of risky financial tools, globalization of production, new emerging powers and the impact of consumer concerns on governmental policies. These phenomena are shaping the World and forcing the advent of a new World Order in the Multilateral Monetary, Financial, and Trading System. The effects of this new paradigm are also transforming global governance. The political and economic orders established after the World War and centered on the multilateral model of UN, IMF, World Bank, and the GATT, leaded by the developed countries, are facing significant challenges. The rise of China and emerging countries shifted the old model to a polycentric World, where the governance of these organizations are threatened by emerging countries demanding a bigger participation in the role and decision boards of these international bodies. As a consequence, multilateralism is being confronted by polycentrism. Negotiations for a more representative voting process and the pressure for new rules to cope with the new demands are paralyzing important decisions. This scenario is affecting seriously not only the Monetary and Financial Systems but also the Multilateral Trading System. International trade is facing some significant challenges: a serious deadlock to conclude the last round of the multilateral negotiation at the WTO, the fragmentation of trade rules by the multiplication of preferential and mega agreements, the arrival of a new model of global production and trade leaded by global value chains that is threatening the old trade order, and the imposition of new sets of regulations by private bodies commanded by transnationals to support global value chains and non-governmental organizations to reflect the concerns of consumers in the North based on their precautionary attitude about sustainability of products made in the World. The lack of any multilateral order in this new regulation is creating a big cacophony of rules and developing a new regulatory war of the Global North against the Global South. The objective of this paper is to explore how these challenges are affecting the Tradinge System and how it can evolve to manage these new trends.

Financial regulation and international criminal policy: the anti-money laundering system in Brazil and Argentina

The objective of this paper is to present and compare the process and the results of the implementation of the anti-money laundering system in Brazil and Argentina. Considering that the internal transformations cannot be discussed without a clear understanding of the international apparatus, attention will be given to the description of the “international policy” designed and conducted by FATF. Therefore, its incorporation into two different national realities, the Brazilian and the Argentinean ones, will shed light not only on the transnational transformations both States underwent but also on the anti-money laundering regime itself. The paper is divided into five parts. The first one presents a brief introduction on the emergence and development of the relationship between financial regulation and criminal policy. The two following sections are designed to present an overview of the anti money laundering system in Brazil and Argentina and of the role of FATF in their implementation process. The fourth section presents two Brazilian examples of situations in which full advantage of the FATF regime was taken: the National Strategy to Combat Corruption and Money Laundering and the BacenJud, a communication channel between the financial system and the judicial power. To conclude, final comments will be presented in connection with the central questions of the project this paper is part of .

Tayloring Brazil: a system dynamics model for monetary policy feedback

The thesis introduces a system dynamics Taylor rule model of new Keynesian nature for monetary policy feedback in Brazil. The nonlinear Taylor rule for interest rate changes con-siders gaps and dynamics of GDP growth and inflation. The model closely tracks the 2004 to 2011 business cycle and outlines the endogenous feedback between the real interest rate, GDP growth and inflation. The model identifies a high degree of endogenous feedback for monetary policy and inflation, while GDP growth remains highly exposed to exogenous eco-nomic conditions. The results also show that the majority of the monetary policy moves during the sample period was related to GDP growth, despite higher coefficients of inflation parameters in the Taylor rule. This observation challenges the intuition that inflation target-ing leads to a dominance of monetary policy moves with respect to inflation. Furthermore, the results suggest that backward looking price-setting with respect to GDP growth has been the dominant driver of inflation. Moreover, simulation exercises highlight the effects of the new BCB strategy initiated in August 2011 and also consider recession and inflation avoid-ance versions of the Taylor rule. In methodological terms, the Taylor rule model highlights the advantages of system dynamics with respect to nonlinear policies and to the stock-and-flow approach. In total, the strong historical fit and some counterintuitive observations of the Taylor rule model call for an application of the model to other economies.