Fatores de decisão em situações de incentivos divergentes: seleção de projetos de eficiência pelas concessionárias de energia elétrica

Normalmente, o processo de tomada de decisão para seleção de um novo projeto considera o retorno financeiro e estratégico por meio de indicadores e métodos diversos. Porém, no caso abordado aqui, há uma situação atípica: uma verba mínima estabelecida, e de uso obrigatório, para implementação de projetos antagônicos aos objetivos da empresa. Por força de lei, todas as concessionárias distribuidoras de energia elétrica no Brasil devem direcionar recursos para projetos de eficiência energética a serem aplicados em seus clientes, ou seja, aqueles que consomem e geram lucro para as empresas. A existência deste tipo de situação não é comum no meio empresarial. Ou seja, enfrentar um processo decisório onde o que se busca são resultados contrários ao objetivo das empresas em questão. Assim, o principal objetivo desta pesquisa é compreender os fatores de decisão em situações de incentivos divergentes. Este trabalho mostra que a existência da situação de incentivo divergente alterou os fatores considerados pelos decisores no processo de tomada de decisões. No lugar de fatores financeiros normalmente adotados em projetos em situação normal e mesmo em projetos de eficiência energética, obtiveram maior importância os fatores diretamente ligados ao sucesso e resultados específicos dos projetos, minimizando a importância de buscar conexão com as diretrizes de governança das organizações.

The role of media networks in compensating political biases: evidence from radio networks in Brazil

A central question in political economy is how to incentivize elected socials to allocate resources to those that need them the most. Research has shown that, while electoral incentives lead central governments to transfer fewer funds to non-aligned constituencies, media presence is instrumental in promoting a better allocation of resources. This study evaluates how these two phenomena interact by analyzing the role of media in compensating political biases. In particular, we analyze how media presence, connectivity and ownership affect the distribution of federal drought relief transfers to Brazilian municipalities. We find that municipalities that are not aligned with the federal government have a lower probability of receiving funds conditional on experiencing low precipitation. However, we show that the presence of radio stations compensates for this bias. This effect is driven by municipalities that have radio stations connected to a regional network rather than by the presence of local radio stations. In addition, the effect of network-connected radio stations increases with their network coverage. These findings suggests that the connection of a radio station to a network is important because it increases the salience of disasters, making it harder for the federal government to ignore non-allies. We show that our findings are not explained by the ownership and manipulation of media by politicians.

The consumer litigation industry: chasing dragon kings in lawyer-client networks

The community of lawyers and their clients form a scale-free bipartite network that develops naturally as the outcome of the recommendation process through which lawyers form their client base. This process is an example of preferential attachment where lawyers with more clients are more likely to be recommended to new clients. Consumer litigation is an important market for lawyers. In large consumer societies, there always a signi cant amount of consumption disputes that escalate to court. In this paper we analyze a dataset of thousands of lawsuits, reconstructing the lawyer-client network embedded in the data. Analyzing the degree distribution of this network we noticed that it follows that of a scale-free network built by preferential attachment, but for a few lawyers with much larger client base than could be expected by preferential attachment. Incidentally, most of these also gured on a list put together by the judiciary of Lawyers which openly advertised the bene ts of consumer litigation. According to the code of ethics of their profession, lawyers should not stimulate clients into litigation, but it is not strictly illegal. From a network formation point of view, this stimulation can be seen as a separate growth mechanism than preferential attachment alone. In this paper we nd that this composite growth can be detected by a simple statistical test, as simulations show that lawyers which use both mechanisms quickly become the \Dragon-Kings" of the distribution of the number of clients per lawyer.

Windows of opportunities and knowledge networks: implications for the catch-up in developing countries

This document represents a doctoral thesis held under the Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration of Getulio Vargas Foundation (EBAPE/FGV), developed through the elaboration of three articles. The research that resulted in the articles is within the scope of the project entitled “Windows of opportunities and knowledge networks: implications for catch-up in developing countries”, funded by Support Programme for Research and Academic Production of Faculty (ProPesquisa) of Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration (EBAPE) of Getulio Vargas Foundation.