An empirical comparison of forward-rate and spot-rate models for valuing interest-rate options

Our main goal is to investigate the question of which interest-rate options valuation models are better suited to support the management of interest-rate risk. We use the German market to test seven spot-rate and forward-rate models with one and two factors for interest-rate warrants for the period from 1990 to 1993. We identify a one-factor forward-rate model and two spot-rate models with two faetors that are not significant1y outperformed by any of the other four models. Further rankings are possible if additional cri teria are applied.

Desafios na avaliação de incorporadoras imobiliárias brasileiras de capital aberto

Primeiramente, além de fazer análise resumida do setor de incorporação imobiliária brasileiro, a dissertação argumenta porque métodos tradicionais de valuation são inapropriados para avaliar incorporadoras e construtoras brasileiras. Entre os pontos levantados estão: as regras contábeis do setor, o modelo de negócios de incorporação no Brasil, a natureza cíclica do negócio, o descasamento entre geração de caixa e reconhecimento de receitas, e o tipo de informação disponibilizada pelas empresas listadas na bolsa de valores. Em seguida, o estudo sugere um método mais adequado, partindo de um conceito de Soma das Partes, onde calcula-se separadamente o valor líquido dos ativos, do banco de terrenos e dos projetos futuros. Metodologias semelhantes começaram a ser utilizadas por alguns bancos de investimento em anos recentes, porém nunca foram discutidas de forma mais acadêmica. Argumenta-se que o método proposto parece adequado, pois não só produz resultados compatíveis com a intuição econômica, como também permite que o usuário faça análises de sensibilidade de forma simples e direta. Finalmente, ao comparar a evolução no período entre 2008 e 2014 dos preços das ações de algumas incorporadoras imobiliárias listadas, discute-se quais ações estariam subavaliadas e quais estariam superavaliadas.

Two essays on education and governament policies

Whether human capital increases or decreases wage uncertainty is an open ques- tion from an empirical standpoint. Yet, most policy prescriptions regarding human capital formation are based on models that impose riskiness on this type of invest- ment. We slightly deviate from the rest of the literature by allowing for non-linear income taxes in a two period model. This enables us to derive prescriptions that are robust to the risk characteristics of human capital: savings should be discouraged, human capital investments encouraged and both types of investment driven to an e¢ cient level from an aggregate perspective. These prescriptions are also robust to what choices are observed, even though the policy instruments used to implement them are not.

The risk-properties of human capital and the design of government policies

Whether human capital increases or decreases wage uncertainty is an open question from an empirical standpoint. Yet, most policy prescriptions regarding human capital formation are based on models that impose riskiness on this type of investment. In a two period and finite type optimal income taxation problem we derive prescriptions that are robust to the risk characteristics of human capital: savings should be discouraged, human capital investments encouraged and both types of investment driven to an efficient level from an aggregate perspective. These prescriptions are also robust to the assumptions regarding what choices are observed, despite policy instruments being not.

Precificação de opções de dólar no mercado brasileiro utilizando redes neurais e algoritmos genéticos

Esse trabalho comparou, para condições macroeconômicas usuais, a eficiência do modelo de Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNAs) otimizadas por Algoritmos Genéticos (AGs) na precificação de opções de Dólar à Vista aos seguintes modelos de precificação convencionais: Black-Scholes, Garman-Kohlhagen, Árvores Trinomiais e Simulações de Monte Carlo. As informações utilizadas nesta análise, compreendidas entre janeiro de 1999 e novembro de 2006, foram disponibilizadas pela Bolsa de Mercadorias e Futuros (BM&F) e pelo Federal Reserve americano. As comparações e avaliações foram realizadas com o software MATLAB, versão 7.0, e suas respectivas caixas de ferramentas que ofereceram o ambiente e as ferramentas necessárias à implementação e customização dos modelos mencionados acima. As análises do custo do delta-hedging para cada modelo indicaram que, apesar de mais complexa, a utilização dos Algoritmos Genéticos exclusivamente para otimização direta (binária) dos pesos sinápticos das Redes Neurais não produziu resultados significativamente superiores aos modelos convencionais.

Evaluating the existence of structural change in the brazilian term structure of interest: evidence based on cointegration models with structural break

This paper investigates whether there is evidence of structural change in the Brazilian term structure of interest rates. Multivariate cointegration techniques are used to verify this evidence. Two econometrics models are estimated. The rst one is a Vector Autoregressive Model with Error Correction Mechanism (VECM) with smooth transition in the deterministic coe¢ cients (Ripatti and Saikkonen [25]). The second one is a VECM with abrupt structural change formulated by Hansen [13]. Two datasets were analysed. The rst one contains a nominal interest rate with maturity up to three years. The second data set focuses on maturity up to one year. The rst data set focuses on a sample period from 1995 to 2010 and the second from 1998 to 2010. The frequency is monthly. The estimated models suggest the existence of structural change in the Brazilian term structure. It was possible to document the existence of multiple regimes using both techniques for both databases. The risk premium for di¤erent spreads varied considerably during the earliest period of both samples and seemed to converge to stable and lower values at the end of the sample period. Long-term risk premiums seemed to converge to inter-national standards, although the Brazilian term structure is still subject to liquidity problems for longer maturities.

Simulation-based smoothing and filtering in factor stochastic volatility models : two econometric applications

In this article we use factor models to describe a certain class of covariance structure for financiaI time series models. More specifical1y, we concentrate on situations where the factor variances are modeled by a multivariate stochastic volatility structure. We build on previous work by allowing the factor loadings, in the factor mo deI structure, to have a time-varying structure and to capture changes in asset weights over time motivated by applications with multi pIe time series of daily exchange rates. We explore and discuss potential extensions to the models exposed here in the prediction area. This discussion leads to open issues on real time implementation and natural model comparisons.

Simulation -based smoothing and filtering in factor stochastic volatility models : two econometric applications (July-2001)

The past decade has wítenessed a series of (well accepted and defined) financial crises periods in the world economy. Most of these events aI,"e country specific and eventually spreaded out across neighbor countries, with the concept of vicinity extrapolating the geographic maps and entering the contagion maps. Unfortunately, what contagion represents and how to measure it are still unanswered questions. In this article we measure the transmission of shocks by cross-market correlation\ coefficients following Forbes and Rigobon's (2000) notion of shift-contagion,. Our main contribution relies upon the use of traditional factor model techniques combined with stochastic volatility mo deIs to study the dependence among Latin American stock price indexes and the North American indexo More specifically, we concentrate on situations where the factor variances are modeled by a multivariate stochastic volatility structure. From a theoretical perspective, we improve currently available methodology by allowing the factor loadings, in the factor model structure, to have a time-varying structure and to capture changes in the series' weights over time. By doing this, we believe that changes and interventions experienced by those five countries are well accommodated by our models which learns and adapts reasonably fast to those economic and idiosyncratic shocks. We empirically show that the time varying covariance structure can be modeled by one or two common factors and that some sort of contagion is present in most of the series' covariances during periods of economical instability, or crisis. Open issues on real time implementation and natural model comparisons are thoroughly discussed.