Homogeneous middles vs. heterogeneous tails, and the end of the ‘Inverted-U’: the share of the rich is what it’s all about

This paper examines the current global scene of distributional disparities within-nations. There are six main conclusions. First, about 80 per cent of the world’s population now live in regions whose median country has a Gini not far from 40. Second, as outliers are now only located among middle-income and rich countries, the ‘upwards’ side of the ‘Inverted-U’ between inequality and income per capita has evaporated (and with it the statistical support there was for the hypothesis that posits that, for whatever reason, ‘things have to get worse before they can get better’). Third, among middle-income countries Latin America and mineral-rich Southern Africa are uniquely unequal, while Eastern Europe follows a distributional path similar to the Nordic countries. Fourth, among rich countries there is a large (and growing) distributional diversity. Fifth, within a global trend of rising inequality, there are two opposite forces at work. One is ‘centrifugal’, and leads to an increased diversity in the shares appropriated by the top 10 and bottom 40 per cent. The other is ‘centripetal’, and leads to a growing uniformity in the income-share appropriated by deciles 5 to 9. Therefore, half of the world’s population (the middle and upper-middle classes) have acquired strong ‘property rights’ over half of their respective national incomes; the other half, however, is increasingly up for grabs between the very rich and the poor. And sixth, Globalisation is thus creating a distributional scenario in which what really matters is the income-share of the rich — because the rest ‘follows’ (middle classes able to defend their shares, and workers with ever more precarious jobs in ever more ‘flexible’ labour markets). Therefore, anybody attempting to understand the within-nations disparity of inequality should always be reminded of this basic distributional fact following the example of Clinton’s campaign strategist: by sticking a note on their notice-boards saying “It’s the share of the rich, stupid”.

O contrato de gestão em busca de um modelo para empresas de obras especiais - EMPROE-U.E.E

The present dissertation target, is to analyze the application viability of the administration contract at the Public Administration in a general and concomitantly order, to simulate a contract of Administration for a Special-Works Enterprise - Economical State Unity - EMPROE - U.E.E , pointed out the importance of this, for the immediate Political-Social and economical situation that Angola hindes on the domain of Public-Works and Urbanism taking account the theoretical developed on the following chapters. At the first chapter, seeked to supply brief datas about what have been done at several sectors ofthe angolan economy. At the second chapter, particularizedly describes the historical evolution of the Manageral ambience from Angola. At the third chapter we did mention to the concepts and thecnical aspects of the Strategical Administration and the concepts, origins, and the Administration characteristics by Objectives. The fourth chapter handles about the origin of the Administration Contracts, according of his historic/concept at the evolution agreement procedures. At the fifth chapter doing some considerations about the Brazilian Experience of Administraion contracts, particularizing cases from C.V.R.D. , from Petrobrás and the implantation skill of the Administration contracts for the State Govemments of São Paulo. At the sixth chapter allude to the American Experince in Administration contracts had the flexibility and the Institute of "W AIVER" as reference. At the seventh chapter dials of the Angolan Experience at the Administration contracts, just as reference to the Beers Nacional Enterprises - CERV AL. The eighth presents a contract simulation of Administration between the EMPROE-U.E.E and the MINOPU, focalizing the Strategical function, mission and the luridical instruments, according to a specific model. The ninth and the last one chapter do some inherences to the analysis of the contracts viability of Administration and some suggestions for the Enterprise as a conclusion.