34 resultados para Norms and values

em Repositório digital da Fundação Getúlio Vargas - FGV


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In an economy where there is no double coincidence of wants and without recordkeeping of past transactions, money is usually seen as the only mechanism that can support exchange. In this paper, we show that, as long as the population is finite and agents are sufficiently patient, a social norm establishing gift-exchange can substitute for money. Notwithstanding, for a given discount factor, the growth of the population size eventually leads to the breakdown of the social norm, while money still works. 1 Introduction

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Aiming at success in the currently challenging Brazilian market, luxury firms must consider a number of factors. Not only the adaptation to certain economic and political conditions but also the understanding of Brazilian luxury consumers’ characteristics as well as their value perceptions towards luxury are crucial in order to create an effective marketing strategy. This study investigated the value perceptions and purchasing motives of 428 Brazilian consumers. Brazilians purchase luxury goods in order to conspicuously put them on show to certain social reference group or to the general public. Thus, they display their wealth, income and social status. Social groups therefore play a distinct role in the purchasing decision process. Moreover, Brazilians are found to be hedonic consumers, seeking pleasurable moments and the reduction of stress when consuming luxury products. In addition to that, they use luxurious products to express their own personality. Brazilians hence place a much higher importance on self-expressive, emotional product benefits rather than on rational, functional product benefits. Marketers of luxury goods are advised to make use of this knowledge in order to adequately address consumers’ needs, wants and beliefs. The study focuses on consumers living in Rio de Janeiro and does not take into account different value perceptions on different luxury product categories. Therefore, suggestions for further research include replicating the study in different Brazilian regions and probing for differences among product categories.

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O Objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a influência da mudança organizacional sofrida pelo Arsenal de Marinha do Rio de Janeiro (AMRJ) sobre a percepção em relação aos papéis desempenhados pelos seus servidores, dos níveis gerencial e operacional, no que tange a valores e crenças sobre o seu trabalho. Esta pesquisa constitui um estudo de caso, e se deu por meio de pesquisa de campo, de cunho qualitativo, e por isso, os dados foram analisados de forma descritivo-interpretativa sobre a avaliação documental e do seu conteúdo. Os dados primários foram obtidos a partir de análise de documentos, tais como relatórios, normas, publicações e regulamentos internos; e os dados secundários foram provenientes de entrevistas semiestruturadas; e possibilitaram averiguar as categorias analíticas envolvidas na pesquisa. As amostras para as entrevistas foram selecionadas de populações, dentro do AMRJ que fossem semelhantes ou equivalentes a populações de indústrias privadas e os sujeitos das mesmas, que, igualmente, tivessem equivalência funcional em outras indústrias ou empresas a fim de serem representativas para a composição do conteúdo da pesquisa. Os dados coletados permitiram concluir que o AMRJ ainda se encontra em processo de acomodação à mudança que se iniciou, e que o trabalho passou a ser mais gratificante para o nível gerencial, assumindo uma perspectiva de desafio e crescimento profissional a partir de um novo enfoque dado a ele, porém, para o nível operacional, devido a uma motivação decrescente e a interesses frustrados, sua percepção considera o trabalho como menos gratificante que o outro nível, apesar do sentimento positivo que tem pela instituição. Concluiu-se, também, que as mudanças são necessárias, apesar das dificuldades inerentes a ela, e influenciam a percepção das pessoas, mas podem ficar comprometidas caso não seja levado em conta que deve haver uma equivalência na distribuição, entre todos os níveis, dos benefícios que podem favorecê-la.

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O objetivo desta proposta é discutir os limites da análise walrasiana convencional e apresentar uma alternativa a ela. Os limites daquela análise são o de supor custos zero de transação e normas e preferências dos agentes dados exogenamente. A visão alternativa considera que muitas e importantes transações no capitalismo, chamados relações contestadas, demandam custos de controle e monitoramento, e podem gerar endogenamente diferentes formas de comportamentos. Estas condições podem dar lugar a fundamentos alternativos para as análises micro e macroeconômicos bem como ver implicações importantes para as políticas de estabilização.

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This study aims at disclosing the roots of contemporary consumer culture. By emphasizing the relationship between consumption and cultural and political dimensions of social life, this analysis focuses on some processes that took place in Europe since the end of Middle Ages throughout the XVIII century - e.g. the rise of absolutism, the development of royal courts and of a new life-style among them (they are the social group in which the first modern consumption features came to light), the upcoming of present (and no longer past) as the main reference frame for action, a new balance between tradition and novelty, the emergence of individualism - which are crucial to understand the genesis of present consumer standards and values.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar como vivem os executivos expatriados e suas famílias no Brasil. Desenvolvemos: a) um arcabouço teórico baseado em Administração Intercultural, especialmente estudos europeus; b) pesquisa empírica com franceses em São Paulo. Utilizamos a etnometodologia como referência básica para investigação do cotidiano e buscamos verificar os aspectos da cultura brasileira que são mais fáceis e mais difíceis de serem vividos; também discutimos de que forma as empresas poderiam ter facilitado o processo de adaptação dessas pessoas no Brasil.

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The major purpose of this thesis is to verify, from a Brazilian perspective, how global and contextual issues influence the management learning in Multinationals. The management learning derived from the interaction of holding and sidiaries/colligates of Multinational corporation is supposed to be subject to convergent and divergent forces, the former related to global and standardized organizational practices, and the latter, is seen as a social practice subject to cultural and organizational singularities. A model was constructed to relate the dichotomy between the universality of the management practices and technologies and the particularity of the contexts where they operate, to the dichotomy between the singularities in organization and national level. This model is composed of the international, global, managerial and inter-organizational dimensions related, respectively, to the cultural and political diversity; to the universal forces of practices and values; to the managerial capabilities and resources in the organization, consolidated as best practices and to the interaction between holding and subsidiaries and the resulted learning. The combined result of these dimensions influences the knowledge flow and the learning derived from it. The field research was constituted of five cases of internationalized Brazilian firms, with a solid experience in their management systems. The main subjects of this study were executives and ofessionals/managers who respond to the management development. The data were first collected in the headquarters and complemented with visits to subsidiaries/joint ventures in other countries, in loco or with expatriated people who return to Brazil. The central supposition was validated. So, the management learning ¿ is driven by the global capitalism practices and by the global culture where they are immersed, reproducing a hegemonic vision and a common language (global dimension); ¿ incorporates the more propagated and dominant managerial values, although there are some variations when they are applied in the subsidiaries/joint ventures; is the product of the assimilation of international recognized and planned managerial practices, with the acculturation power, although not completely; is the result mainly of the managerial practice in work; is impacted not only by cross-cultural and managerial factors, but also by the business environment of the firm; is given according to the capabilities and resources in the organization, guiding the form of assimilation of practices and technologies, with global application or not (managerial dimension); ¿ is affected by the cross-cultural diversity involving the countries of the holding and the subsidiaries/joint ventures where the firm is and is given as a reproduction of the political context of the holding and subsidiaries countries (international dimension); ¿ faces aligned concurrent institutional pressures between corporate or global systems, practices of other subsidiaries/joint ventures and local practices; is more difficult to reach when there is not permeability between organizational cultures and identities of a Multinational firm; is affected by how much the relationship process across these unities is self-referenced; is facilitated by the construction and improvement of the knowledge network (interorganizational dimension). Finally some contributions of this study are exposed, including extensions of the proposed model and suggestions, recommendations for future research.

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O objetivo deste estudo é entender como se dão as relações entre civis e militares no campo político-orçamentário e identificar as possíveis contribuições dos conceitos da gestão da mudança para essas relações. Utilizando-se paradigmas diferentes em busca de um todo mais completo, é construído o referencial teórico sobre assuntos necessários a compreensão de como se dão essas relações no atual campo político-orçamentário brasileiro. A democracia e o equilíbrio entre as características que marca as relações democráticas; o orçamento como um campo em que se buscam obter interesses, de acordo com normas específicas e relações de poder entre indivíduos e grupos; as relações entre civis e militares, não como uma relação dicotômica, mas como uma imbricada relação entre redes de interesse. O discurso é entendido como a principal ferramenta de mudança social nesse campo e procura-se analisar como utilizá-lo. A gestão da mudança é discutida como prática discursiva que gera mudanças tanto no interior da organização como fora dela, sendo capaz de gerar verdade para a sociedade e conquistar e manter a legitimidade, fonte dos meios de sobrevivência da organização. Por fim, busca-se analisar a gestão da mudança, primeiro em organizações que obtiveram sucesso ao aplicá-las e, em seguida, faz-se uma análise de iniciativas da gestão da mudança aplicadas à Marinha e do seu potencial em produzir as mudanças necessárias no campo político-orçamentário. São levantadas conclusões que oferecem um roteiro de medidas para utilizar a gestão da mudança no aperfeiçoamento das relações democráticas entre civis e militares no campo político-orçamentário brasileiro.

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A presente dissertação tem como objetivo refletir sobre a percepção dosvalores nas F orças Almadas Brasileiras por segmentos da sociedade civil organizada. Utilizando como base os estudos de diversos autores, procura desenvolver a fundamentação teórica sobre os valores e as organizações. Neste sentido, busca a construção das nuances explicativas, com base na conceituação e na importância dos valores, tanto para o ser humano como para as mais diversas organizações. A pesquisa de campo se desenvolve por meio de questionários semi-estruturados, suscitando aspectos valiosos em relação aos indivíduos, às organizações militares e à sociedade com os valores de um modo geral.

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This study apprehends the living experiences of the RFFSA employees who still remain in the organization until its final moments of existence. In order to comprehend and analyze these experiences to generate knowledge related to personnel relationships in critical management realities as it is the case in a process of organizational liquidation. Due to the fact that the case study focus on a railroad enterprise, the presence of which is inherent to the history of the nation, social implications related to that liquidation process were investigated under cultural concepts, new organization context, added to a phenomenological approach. Through the consideration of that philosophical dimension of the relationships which constituted the object of this study, the railroader being could be more broadly understood. The employed methods include bibliographic and documental research to describe the organization and to reinforce sources for a deeper study of the railroad employee¿s culture and values. The posture assumed in that investigation was participation with the subjects including the researcher. Some characteristics were extracted out of questionnaires and interviews as a means of answering questions which would not come out trough numbers. What emerges as a fundamental learning in the conclusions can be summarized as follows: the understanding of an organization as a slice detached from society, is a deviation from human relevance paths, since implications of human actions in leabenswelt are ignored and their impacts are not considered concrete. That especial learning which the case study helped to clarify and which is an alert to liquidators and employees, independently of hierarchy, is not limited to liquidation processes. The phenomenon which shows itself in that strategic category of management is that its deviation from human relevance appears in higher dramaticism.

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This study investigates in the National Commission of Nuclear Energy the Institute of Radiation Protection and Dosimetry in terms of perceptions, actions, and posture of the administrative agents which could facilitate the engagement of the employees of that public organization in the TQM implantation, based on NBR ISO 9000. The central question of this research is: which characteristics of the administrative actions and sense of the managerial posture manifested in the implantation, implementation and maintenance for the achievement of objectives and goals of the Quality System-ISO 9000, could contribute to engage the IRD professionals in the process? The research finds prevalence of the Quality technical knowledge over the attention on professionals' managerial posture, identifies a lack in that Norm about how to deal with its administrative requirements in practical terms, driving the researcher to look for support especially in Deming to face the critical reading of that organizational context. The field research was conceived under the paradigm of constructivism, facilitating the description of beliefs, perceptions, feelings and values manifested in the employees discourses, actions and re-actions to establish relations between Quality theory and that concrete reality. A phenomenologic approach, only as a complementary level, was sufficient to favor the researcher insertion in that institution where he is still working, but in the new and contingent role of researcher. To apprehend the organization managerial stile, to comprehend beyond its characteristics and to grasp the orientation of the managerial posture in terms of possibilities for Quality implementation were the core of this study. The TQM theory was interpreted as a living philosophy, an administrative posture the meaning of which is a permanent Quality improvement in the CNEN/IRD management processes in its internal and external organizational relations. The procedural nature of the CNEN/IRD public service legal regime, political implications and performance evaluation which reveals only partially the organizational reality should not obstruct the Institute drive to assume the spirit of serving the public as a Quality management philosophic commitment. Conclusions show some progress reorienting initiatives in organizational management taking place in three different levels: operational, toward the employees' expectations of values and organizational processes integration; HR administration, in search of better communication; strategic, through expectations on a possible visionary leadership". Finally, at the academic level, the perception that future studies in search of the establishment of relationships between TQM and the organization culture can favor new progress."

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Este estudo aborda participação da sociedade na gestão pública local, através do entendimento do funcionamento dos Conselhos Municipais, concebidos como espaços privilegiados para prática da democracia cidadã. Investigação interpretativa de caráter qualitativo, os conhecimentos construídos são marcados pela subjetividade pela interatividade em vários níveis: do pesquisador/cidadão com campo empírico com outros sujeitos envolvidos no processo, do pesquisador/cidadão com os autores que discutem este assunto do pesquisa dor/cidadão consigo mesmo. Permeado pela interdiscursividade, tematiza os conhecimentos teóricos respeito de participação, cidadania, democracia, descentralização, sociedade civil conselhos gestores de políticas públicas, ressignificando conceitos necessários ao processo participativo interativo entre sociedade civil Estado, articulando práticas e discursos em contextos históricos, políticos, culturais econômicos. Com estes pressupostos, busca conhecer, analisar evidenciar entendimentos intencionalidades formas de agir/gerenciar praticadas pelos Conselhos Municipais na fornulação, implementação avaliação das políticas públicas suas relações com gestão pública local, no período de 1989-2000, no município gaúcho de Ijuí. Mapeando variáveis, estabelece tipologias classificatórias nas quais enquadra os conselhos de Ijuí e, analisando/interpretando documentos, normas entrevistas narrativas, aborda as diversas características dos mesmos. experiência dos conselhos em Ijuí mostra que envolvimento da população, seja diretamente (como nas assembléias dos conselhos distritais) seja através de representantes das principais entidades da sociedade civil, além de garantir um caráter mais democrático gestão pública, possui potencial para interferir no modus operandi da máquina pública dos governos municipais. Aponta também para necessidade de ampliar espaços de participação informais, não institucionalizados, autônomos, abertos à participação de todos os cidadãos, constituindo-se cm processo educativo para construção de espaços potencializadores da cidadania interativa.

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O setor de mármore e granito do Espírito Santo constitui-se no maior pala industrial brasileiro do setor, sendo líder na comercialização dos produtos dele derivados, tanto no mercado interno como externo. Apesar do crescimento significativo observado nas exportações nos últimos anos, em peso e valor, bem como de estar comercializando a cada ano, produtos com maior valor agregado, convive com problemas de naturezas diversas, os quais se solucionados, proporcionarão maior participação nos mercados em que atua. Em termos sociais o reflexo será imediato, pois com os investimentos decorrentes, haverá geração de quantidade considerável de novos postos de trabalho, visto que trata-se de atividade altamente geradora de empregos. Por outro lado, os benefícios decorrentes do aumento de produção, proporcionarão a geração de renda e divisas para o país. Entre os problemas a serem solucionados encontra-se o alto índice de acidentes ocorridos no setor, conforme mostram as estatísticas apresentadas na presente dissertação. O estabelecimento de ações que visem a redução desses índices constitui o objetivo deste trabalho, tendo como meta principal, proporcionar a preservação da saú- de e segurança do trabalhador, e a implementação das mesmas, trarão como conseqüência natural, ganhos de produtividade e redução de custos, na medida que os acidentes implicam no surgimento de custos adicionais. A globalização da economia e a política econômica vigente no país, impuseram aos setores econô- micos uma competição cada vez mais acirrada, obrigando-os a buscarem alternativas que os viabilizem. A redução de custos por meio da prevenção de acidentes Vll no trabalho se constitui numa das alternativas. Esta dissertação, apresenta a partir de diagnóstico realizado nas diversas atividades do setor, ou seja, extração, serragem e beneficiamento, as tendências das ocorrências dos acidentes, caso não haja no futuro, nenhum tipo de intervenção. É estabelecida uma comparação com os demais setores da economia capixaba, através das respectivas curvas de tendências, na qual fica caracterizada a gravidade da situação e a importância da redução dos acidentes no setor de mármore e granito do Espírito Santo. Em fun- ção da dimensão com que o problema se apresenta, surge a necessidade de intervenções, as quais são classificadas como imediatas e de médio prazo. A observância à legislação vigente, representada pelas Normas Regulamentadoras, proporcionará maior segurança aos trabalhadores, possibilitando a esses, exercer suas atividades em ambiente onde os riscos referentes a lesões, com ou sem afastamentos, e morte, sejam minimizados, na medida que eles são inerentes ao setor e sempre existirão. Como metodologia é utilizado pesquisa de campo, através de entrevistas com empresários, trabalhadores, sindicatos patronal e dos trabalhadores, representantes da DRT e INSS, com as quais é possível o levantamento estatístico, consultas a revistas especializadas, jornais, Internet, disserta- ções e Normas Regulamentadoras. É ainda utilizado referencial teórico de diversos autores, na busca de dar sustentação conceitual ao tema abordado. Como resultado, é apresentado proposta que se constitui em uma série de ações a serem implementadas, para o atingimento do objetivo procurado.

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With the globalization of the economy and the growing participation of several world investors in financial markets, combining the political, economical and social differences of each country, the varying Accounting Statements based on principles, standards, procedures or idiosyncratic accounting patterns become inadequate to provide comprehensible and useful financial information to the users at international level. Considering a country¿s conditions, peculiarities and the stage of development, the need to promote the convergence of the effective accounting practices in the public sector with the emerging international accounting standards is imperative as the public entities endeavor to provide transparent and comparable accounting information that can be understood by financial analysts, investors, auditors and other users, independent of their origin and location. Consequently, the objective of this research was described through the following questions: Which are the main differences between the international and local accounting norms applicable to the public sector in Brazil? Which are the main differences between the applicable international accounting norms and the practices adopted by the Brazilian public sector? And, which are the main differences between the practices adopted by the entities of the Brazilian public sector and the practices adopted by entities of the public sector of countries that formally follow the international accounting norms? The methodology adopted in this research was the one of comparative analysis between standards and practices. To provide a basis for the comparative analysis, the Brazilian standards were used for the public sector and the international standards were identified by consulting with the main international accounting committees. In the comparative analyses of norms adopted in national accounting statements the financial accounting statements of the Municipal districts of Rio de Janeiro and of São Paulo were used, and compared with the international accounting statements of New Zealand. The results of these comparative analyses provide important conclusions about the convergence and harmonization processes in accounting norms and practices for the public sector mainly as they demonstrate some of the conflicts among the recent efforts to base and harmonize accounting practices in the near future, but today significant differences remain between the norms and practices. It was also noticed that, in practice, the divergence in Brazilian accounting practices from the international standards are accentuated by the recognition of the registrations of the budgetary execution in the patrimonial accounting; and, the comparison with the practices adopted by New Zealand demonstrated that the foreign country¿s advances towards harmonizing its standards to the international norms and practices in such an important way that New Zealand independently overcomes the minimum exigencies of harmonization, which in practice, is more complete than the practices currently adopted in Brazil.

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Having as basic purpose, that the work motivational strategies are more efficient when elaborated directly from the worker¿s personal goals and values, the study line of this dissertation searched to identify the worker¿s motivational employee¿s profile from call center industry. The knowledge of this motivational profile makes possible the development of differentiated programs of motivation inside the organization, aiming to attend goals of diverse groups of workers. In order to achieve the considered objective, the present dissertation analyzed one of the biggest companies in call center¿s inside Brazilian market, the BrasilCenter Communications Ltda. In such a way, in the first stage of the study, a bibliographical research was carried out, with the objective to collect contributions from diverse authors on the motivation subject, and also a modern theory of values was presented, verified empirically in more than 60 countries, which identifies the people¿s motivational structure. Having as base the results of these studies, the worker¿s concept profile motivational and argued its way of evaluation in the organizations it was boarded. In the second stage, a field research was carried out, with the application of the Inventory of Values of Schwartz theory (IVS), in order to identify the employee¿s motivational profile crowded in the Center of Attendance and Services (call center) company, located in Juiz de Fora city. The analysis of the results from the field research, based on the bibliographical data, identified that the values prioritized for the call center¿s employees are the ones that serves the collective and mixing goals. This motivational profile offers some perspectives of employee¿s valuation that correspond to their goals and interests. The displayed results point respect to the centrality of the types of values benevolence, conformity, security and universalism among the participants in the sample. As the accented was more among the employees it was the search of collective results it, is concluded that the more appropriate valuation strategies are those related to the tolerance for the ideas and opinion of the others, to harmonic a organizational enviroment, the concern with the quality of life at work and the social aspects of the work.