Estimação das elasticidades da demanda por energia elétrica e alimentos no Brasil : uma análise a partir do Modelo Flórida

Este estudo examina as elasticidades-renda, preço e preço cruzada da demanda de alimentos e energia elétrica, a partir de dados da POF e das Contas Nacionais. O sistema de demanda utilizado é formulado em dois estágio de decisão orçamentária, de acordo com os preceitos estabelecidos na teoria da maximização da utilidade, sujeita às restrições de aditividade e homogeneidade e simetria.

A previsão da demanda automotiva brasileira de longo prazo baseada em modelos econométricos univariados

A previsão de demanda é uma atividade relevante pois influencia na tomada de decisão das organizações públicas e privadas. Este trabalho procura identificar modelos econométricos que apresentem bom poder preditivo para a demanda automotiva brasileira num horizonte de longo prazo, cinco anos, através do uso das séries de vendas mensais de automóveis, veículos comerciais leves e total, o período amostral é de 1970 a 2010. Foram estimados e avaliados os seguintes modelos: Auto-regressivo (Box-Jenkins, 1976), Estrutural (Harvey, 1989) e Mudança de Regime (Hamilton, 1994), incluindo efeitos calendário e dummies além dos testes de raízes unitárias sazonais e não-sazonais para as séries. A definição da acurácia dos modelos baseou-se no Erro Quadrático Médio (EQM) dos resultados apresentados na simulação da previsão de demanda dos últimos quinze anos (1995 a 2010).

Pride & Prejudice: contribuição de variáveis políticas na determinação dos ratings soberanos

Esta dissertação analisa a influência de um conjunto de variáveis políticas na determinação dos ratings soberanos. Com efeito, contrário a estudo anterior publicado pelo IMF Working Paper Series, os resultados apontam para a significância estatística conjunta das variáveis políticas empregadas, ainda que controladas por indicadores econômicos largamente utilizados na literatura correspondente. O sucesso dos resultados baseia-se na utilização de novas variáveis visando captar o nível de desenvolvimento das instituições políticas, somada à ampla base de dados anualizados em painel envolvendo 79 países no período entre 1997 e 2003. Ademais, além da evidência do uso conjunto de variáveis políticas na determinação dos ratings soberanos, o tratamento econométrico dos dados em painel detectou a existência de heterogeneidade não-observada dos países da amostra, sendo esta correlacionada com as variáveis explicativas do modelo.

Growth, increasing returns, and public infrastructure : time series evidence

Initial endogenous growth models emphasized the importance of external effects and increasing retums in explaining growth. Empirically, this hypothesis can be confumed if the coefficient of physical capital per hour is unity in the aggregate production function. Previous estimates using time series data rejected this hypothesis, although cross-country estimates did nol The problem lies with the techniques employed, which are unable to capture low-frequency movements of high-frequency data. Using cointegration, new time series evidence confum the theory and conform to cross-country evidence. The implied Solow residual, which takes into account externaI effects to aggregate capital, has its behavior analyzed. The hypothesis that it is explained by government expenditures on infrasttucture is confIrmed. This suggests a supply-side role for government affecting productivity.

Determinantes do preço de imóveis residenciais na cidade de São Paulo

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo criar um modelo econometrico que seja capaz de determinar a função hedônica de preços de imóveis residenciais verticais na cidade de São Paulo, considerando além dos atributos estruturais do próprio imóvel, a região de sua localização. Adicionalmente, procura-se identificar e caracterizar espacialmente os imóveis quanto ao valor por metro quadrado e seus demais atributos.

Using irregularly spaced returns to estimate multi-factor models: application to Brazilian equity data

Multi-factor models constitute a useful tool to explain cross-sectional covariance in equities returns. We propose in this paper the use of irregularly spaced returns in the multi-factor model estimation and provide an empirical example with the 389 most liquid equities in the Brazilian Market. The market index shows itself significant to explain equity returns while the US$/Brazilian Real exchange rate and the Brazilian standard interest rate does not. This example shows the usefulness of the estimation method in further using the model to fill in missing values and to provide interval forecasts.

Uma classe de preferências convexas sem representação côncava

Eu demonstro que preferências convexas com curvas de indiferença afins não tem representação côncava se existirem duas curvas de indiferença não-paralelas

Introducing higher moments in the CAPM: some basic ideas

We show how to include in the CAPM moments of any order, extending the mean-variance or mean-variance-skewness versions available until now. Then, we present a simple way to modify the formulae, in order to avoid the appearance of utility parameters. The results can be easily applied to practical portfolio design, with econometric inference and testing based on generalised method of moments procedures. An empirical application to the Brazilian stock market is discussed.

Testing the optimality of aggregate consumption decisions: is there rule-of-thumb behavior?

Consumption is an important macroeconomic aggregate, being about 70% of GNP. Finding sub-optimal behavior in consumption decisions casts a serious doubt on whether optimizing behavior is applicable on an economy-wide scale, which, in turn, challenge whether it is applicable at all. This paper has several contributions to the literature on consumption optimality. First, we provide a new result on the basic rule-of-thumb regression, showing that it is observational equivalent to the one obtained in a well known optimizing real-business-cycle model. Second, for rule-of-thumb tests based on the Asset-Pricing Equation, we show that the omission of the higher-order term in the log-linear approximation yields inconsistent estimates when lagged observables are used as instruments. However, these are exactly the instruments that have been traditionally used in this literature. Third, we show that nonlinear estimation of a system of N Asset-Pricing Equations can be done efficiently even if the number of asset returns (N) is high vis-a-vis the number of time-series observations (T). We argue that efficiency can be restored by aggregating returns into a single measure that fully captures intertemporal substitution. Indeed, we show that there is no reason why return aggregation cannot be performed in the nonlinear setting of the Pricing Equation, since the latter is a linear function of individual returns. This forms the basis of a new test of rule-of-thumb behavior, which can be viewed as testing for the importance of rule-of-thumb consumers when the optimizing agent holds an equally-weighted portfolio or a weighted portfolio of traded assets. Using our setup, we find no signs of either rule-of-thumb behavior for U.S. consumers or of habit-formation in consumption decisions in econometric tests. Indeed, we show that the simple representative agent model with a CRRA utility is able to explain the time series data on consumption and aggregate returns. There, the intertemporal discount factor is significant and ranges from 0.956 to 0.969 while the relative risk-aversion coefficient is precisely estimated ranging from 0.829 to 1.126. There is no evidence of rejection in over-identifying-restriction tests.

The forward- and the equity-premium puzzles: two symptoms of the same illness?

We build a pricing kernel using only US domestic assets data and check whether it accounts for foreign markets stylized facts that escape consumption based models. By interpreting our stochastic discount factor as the projection of a pricing kernel from a fully specified model in the space of returns, our results indicate that a model that accounts for the behavior of domestic assets goes a long way toward accounting for the behavior of foreign assets. We address predictability issues associated with the forward premium puzzle by: i) using instruments that are known to forecast excess returns in the moments restrictions associated with Euler equations, and; ii) by pricing Lustig and Verdelhan (2007)'s foreign currency portfolios. Our results indicate that the relevant state variables that explain foreign-currency market asset prices are also the driving forces behind U.S. domestic assets behavior.

The forward- and the equity-premium puzzles: two symptoms of the same illness?

Using information on US domestic financial data only, we build a stochastic discount factor—SDF— and check whether it accounts for foreign markets stylized facts that escape consumption based models. By interpreting our SDF as the projection of a pricing kernel from a fully specified model in the space of returns, our results indicate that a model that accounts for the behavior of domestic assets goes a long way toward accounting for the behavior of foreign assets prices. We address predictability issues associated with the forward premium puzzle by: i) using instruments that are known to forecast excess returns in the moments restrictions associated with Euler equations, and; ii) by pricing Lustig and Verdelhan (2007)’s foreign currency portfolios. Our results indicate that the relevant state variables that explain foreign-currency market asset prices are also the driving forces behind U.S. domestic assets behavior.

Convergência dos municípios paulistas: uma abordagem de econometria espacial

Este artigo avalia o impacto do imposto ISS no processo de convergência dos 645 municípios do estado de São Paulo entre 2000-2005. A presença de efeitos de dependência espacial é investigada incorporando-se um arcabouço de econometria espacial à análise, o qual é capaz de estudar o impacto do imposto sobre um determinado município e sobre seus vizinhos. Os resultados apontam para a existência de convergência dentre as regiões porém os efeitos de dependência espacial encontrados apresentam-se de forma diferente entre as regiões estudadas.

The forward- and the equity-premium puzzles: two symptoms of the same illness?

Using information on US domestic financial data only, we build a stochastic discount factor—SDF— and check whether it accounts for foreign markets stylized facts that escape consumption based models. By interpreting our SDF as the projection of a pricing kernel from a fully specified model in the space of returns, our results indicate that a model that accounts for the behavior of domestic assets goes a long way toward accounting for the behavior of foreign assets prices. We address predictability issues associated with the forward premium puzzle by: i) using instruments that are known to forecast excess returns in the moments restrictions associated with Euler equations, and; ii) by comparing this out-of-sample results with the one obtained performing an in-sample exercise, where the return-based SDF captures sources of risk of a representative set of developed and emerging economies government bonds. Our results indicate that the relevant state variables that explain foreign-currency market asset prices are also the driving forces behind U.S. domestic assets behavior.

The forward and the equity premium puzzles: two symptoms of the same illness?

The Forward Premium Puzzle (FPP) is how the empirical observation of a negative relation between future changes in the spot rates and the forward premium is known. Modeling this forward bias as a risk premium and under weak assumptions on the behavior of the pricing kernel, we characterize the potential bias that is present in the regressions where the FPP is observed and we identify the necessary and sufficient conditions that the pricing kernel has to satisfy to account for the predictability of exchange rate movements. Next, we estimate the pricing kernel applying two methods: i) one, du.e to Araújo et aI. (2005), that exploits the fact that the pricing kernel is a serial correlation common feature of asset prices, and ii) a traditional principal component analysis used as a procedure 1;0 generate a statistical factor modeI. Then, using on the sample and out of the sample exercises, we are able to show that the same kernel that explains the Equity Premi um Puzzle (EPP) accounts for the FPP in all our data sets. This suggests that the quest for an economic mo deI that generates a pricing kernel which solves the EPP may double its prize by simultaneously accounting for the FPP.

Welfare and growth effects of alternative fiscal rules for infrastructure investment in Brazil

This article studies the interplay between fiscal rules, public investment and growth in Brazil. It is investigated if it would make sense to raise public investment and, if so, under which fiscal rule it is best to do it — whether through tax financing, debt financing, or a reduction of public consumption. We construct and simulate a competitive general equilibrium model, calibrated to Brazilian economy, in which public capital is a component of the production function and public consumption directly affects individuals’ well-being. After assessing the impacts of alternative fiscal rules, the paper concludes that the most desirable financing scheme is the reduction of public consumption, which dominates the others in terms of output and welfare gains. The model replicates the observed growth slowdown of the Brazilian economy when we increase taxes and reduce public capital formation to the levels observed after 1980 and shows that the growth impact of the expansion of tax collection in Brazil was much larger than that of public investment compression.