Trabalho voluntário: isonomia ou economia?

Essa pesquisa procura averiguar de que modo diferem as ações de trabalho voluntário, desenvolvidas por grupos no interior e fora do ambiente empresarial. Para isso, avalia até que ponto o modelo de isonomia, proposto por Guerreiro Ramos (1981), no âmbito de um novo paradigma paraeconômico, se aplica ao voluntariado. Segundo ele, uma isonomia é sítio para a realização de tarefas auto-gratificantes, no qual seus membros dedicam-se ao desenvolvimento pessoal, ao contrário dos relacionamentos moldados pela lógica do mercado. O convívio entre os componentes de uma isonomia favorece a tomada de decisões na forma de colegiado e o tempo para a execução das tarefas assume um formato totalmente diferente de uma organização econômica. Essas e outras categorias são analisadas, a partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo, tendo como base também a análise de quatro grupos de voluntários: dois deles formados por funcionários de empresas, um terceiro ligado a um centro espírita e um outro grupo que se dedica a um asilo. As respostas aos questionários e as observações de campo serviram para identificar em quais categorias as ações de voluntários desses grupos mais se aproximam de uma isonomia e em que sentido elas são diferentes das características do trabalho em organizações econômicas. A partir dessa análise, observa-se que os dois grupos de voluntários ligados às empresas, bem como o do centro espírita enquadram-se nos parâmetros da economia, ao passo que o grupo do asilo está mais em sintonia com a isonomia. Tal constatação é uma evidência da intromissão da lógica do mercado em outros enclaves sociais, moldando as ações dos indivíduos e interferindo na maneira como enxergam o mundo.

As distintas percepções sobre o empreendedorismo social

This dissertation is a literature review with exploratory and descriptive purposes, which aims to compile the different perceptions of the term Social Entrepreneurship, but not propon-being of an epistemological analysis on the topic. The main objectives of this research were: 1) to identify the convergences and divergences in the various perceptions of the Social Entrepre-neurship, from the perspectives: American, European and Brazilian; 2) identify whether Social Entrepreneurship can be considered as a new theoretical trend, or can be understood as a sub-category of an existing theory; 3) identify whether Social Entrepreneurship can be considered as practice of Social Management; 4) identify whether the "Social Business", proposed by Yunus (2010), can be considered as a completely new type of organization, as the author says. For this research were studied literary works available in the physical environment and elec-tronic database. The main concepts studied in this research were: Entrepreneurship; Social Management; Third Sector; Business Management and Social Entrepreneurship. The conclu-sions reached by this study were: 1-a) the main theoretical convergence is the Social Entrepre-neur ability to apply methods and process typically used in for-profit companies, in business that aimed social value creation; 1-b) the main difference is the different perceptions that the United States, Europe and Brazil have about what is Social Entrepreneurship. In the American perspective, these are private sector organizations operating according to market logic and that somehow generates social value. In the European perspective, closer to the social economy, emphasizes the activities of civil society organizations with public functions. In Brazil empha-sizes market initiatives aimed at reducing poverty and transform the social conditions of mar-ginalized or excluded individuals; 2) Social Entrepreneurship is an activity that incorporates much all the practices, methods and processes of commercial entrepreneurship and, as such, should not be considered as a new theoretical trend, but a subcategory of Entrepreneurship theory. 3) Social Entrepreneurship cannot be considered as a practice of Social Management, being much closer to the commercial entrepreneurship practices; 4) the "Social Business" pro-posed by Yunus (2010), closely resembled in its modus operandi with the Social Enterprises in Western Europe, thus, not supporting the author's claim.

Citizens and the future of multilateralism in a polycentric world at 2030: the perspectives of emerging countries for the trading system: the impasse of WTO, the trends of mega agreements, the logic of value chains and the advent of consumers concerns on international trade

A new paradigm is modeling the World: evolutionary innovations in all fronts, new information technologies, huge mobility of capital, use of risky financial tools, globalization of production, new emerging powers and the impact of consumer concerns on governmental policies. These phenomena are shaping the World and forcing the advent of a new World Order in the Multilateral Monetary, Financial, and Trading System. The effects of this new paradigm are also transforming global governance. The political and economic orders established after the World War and centered on the multilateral model of UN, IMF, World Bank, and the GATT, leaded by the developed countries, are facing significant challenges. The rise of China and emerging countries shifted the old model to a polycentric World, where the governance of these organizations are threatened by emerging countries demanding a bigger participation in the role and decision boards of these international bodies. As a consequence, multilateralism is being confronted by polycentrism. Negotiations for a more representative voting process and the pressure for new rules to cope with the new demands are paralyzing important decisions. This scenario is affecting seriously not only the Monetary and Financial Systems but also the Multilateral Trading System. International trade is facing some significant challenges: a serious deadlock to conclude the last round of the multilateral negotiation at the WTO, the fragmentation of trade rules by the multiplication of preferential and mega agreements, the arrival of a new model of global production and trade leaded by global value chains that is threatening the old trade order, and the imposition of new sets of regulations by private bodies commanded by transnationals to support global value chains and non-governmental organizations to reflect the concerns of consumers in the North based on their precautionary attitude about sustainability of products made in the World. The lack of any multilateral order in this new regulation is creating a big cacophony of rules and developing a new regulatory war of the Global North against the Global South. The objective of this paper is to explore how these challenges are affecting the Tradinge System and how it can evolve to manage these new trends.

Lula and Brazil: investors twisted logic

Investors were wrong to believe in change for the better; Brazil is stuck for at least two years