Benefícios privados de controle, ambiente legal e desenvolvimento do mercado de capitais: um estudo do caso brasileiro

A idéia central deste trabalho parte da percepção de que nem todos os investidores de uma mesma empresa recebem payoff proporcional aos direitos de fluxo de caixa conferidos por suas ações. A esse valor, que seria apropriado pelos acionistas controladores da empresa é dado o nome de benefício privado de controle. Estudos anteriores mostram que a qualidade da proteção dos minoritários pela lei, bem como sua aplicabilidade e origem das famílias legais explicam grande parte dos benefícios privados de controle entre os países. Mostram também que quando os direitos dos investidores e dos credores são bem protegidos e garantidos pelos reguladores ou pelos tribunais, os investidores financiam as empresas, estabelecendo a relação entre benefícios privados de controle e desenvolvimento do mercado de capitais. Este trabalho desenvolve um modelo simples, capaz de capturar qual é a decisão ótima de um administrador que exerce controle sobre a empresa no que diz respeito a desviar ou não recursos da empresa e de expropriar ou não os investidores minoritários, sendo que a abordagem feita neste estudo se difere das anteriores na medida em que introduz dois tipos diferentes de desvios. O primeiro, tratado nos modelos anteriores, representa o desvio de recursos ou idéias da empresa para o acionista controlador, enquanto que o segundo representa a capacidade do acionista controlador de desviar recursos dos acionistas minoritários. Nesta modelagem os dois tipos de desvios têm características e custos diferentes e são combatidos com instrumentos distintos na legislação. Por último, é feita uma análise de alguns pontos da Lei das S.A. brasileira buscando identificar que características dessa legislação afetam os custos incorridos pelo controlador para desviar recursos dos acionistas minoritários, realçando as características que contribuem para a qualidade e aplicabilidade da legislação e focando nos incentivos gerados do ponto de vista econômico.

Os desafios da integração legal

We introduce and discuss the idea of Legal Integration, providing a few evidences on it, in Brazil and South America. The forms of and incentives to Legal Integration, as well as the answers to it, by Western Europe, Mexico and China, are also discussed. We advocate, for Brazil, the adoption of the concept of a more flexible and shared sovereignty, and a more active and concerned attitude in the delicate relationship between international treaties and the domestic juridical order.

An empirical approach toward understanding the linkage between legal and financial institutions

Researchers have made different attempts to investigate the interaction between the quality and efficiency of a country’s institutions and a country’s economic performance. Within this framework, emphasis has been put on the relationship between the legal institutions and the financial system as essential factors in creating and enhancing overall economic growth. The link between legal institutions and the financial systems, however, is still somewhat controversial. This paper reports on a survey administered to 1,362 participants regarding preferences for investment under different legal and financial institutions. Results suggest that the performance of a country‘s legal institutions affects the willingness to invest money in that country and that people of different gender, age, political traditions, and professional experience react differently to these institutions.

From legal commons to social commons: Brazil and the cultural industry in the 21st century

This article describes some of the current transformations regarding the processes by which information and culture are generated, from the point of view of developing countries. In this brief analysis, the article discusses the role of projects such as Creative Commons for developing countries. It also discusses the idea of legal commons and social commons. While the idea of legal commons can be understood as the voluntary use of licenses such as Creative Commons in order to create a “commons”, the idea of social commons has to do with the tensions between legality and illegality in developing countries. These tensions appear prominently in the so-called global “peripheries”, and in many instances make the legal structure of intellectual property irrelevant, unfamiliar, or unenforceable, for various reasons. With the emergence of digital technology and the Internet, in many places and regions in developing countries (especially in the “peripheries”), technology ended up arriving earlier than the idea of intellectual property. Such a de facto situation propitiated the emergence of cultural industries that were not driven by intellectual property incentives. In these cultural businesses, the idea of “sharing” and of free dissemination of the content is intrinsic to the social circumstances taking place in these peripheries. Also, the appropriation of technology on the part of the “peripheries” ends up promoting autonomous forms of bridging the digital divide, such as the “LAN house” phenomenon discussed below. This paper proposes that many lessons can be learned from the business models emerging from social commons practices in developing countries. The tension between legality and illegality in “peripheral” areas in developing countries is not new. The work of Boaventura de Sousa Santos and others in the 1970s was paradigmatic for the discussion of legal pluralism regarding the occupation of land in Brazil. This paper aims to follow in that same pioneer tradition of studies about legal pluralism, and to apply those principles to the discussion of “intellectual property” rather than the ownership of land.