A problematização do lixo e dos catadores: estudos de caso múltiplo sobre políticas públicas sob uma perspectiva foucaultiana

Municipal government policies supporting recycling cooperatives at the start of the 1990s and in the first years of the current century have contributed to resemanticizing trash rather than improving the living conditions of the street scavengers in the city of Rio de Janeiro. This idea was based on multiple case studies conducted in three post-consumption recycling cooperatives which have resulted from such policies. Interviews were held with three municipal government managers and 66 scavengers between 2002 and 2004, during a period of field observation that varied from two to six months in each case. Following a Foucaultian analysis approach, in this thesis post-consumption trash is considered as a discursive production. For this reason, the discourses have been analyzed (through an archaeology and a genealogy) that animated this object as a target condition of public policies. Thus, problematization of the trash has been proposed ¿ characterized by the concomitance of discourses related to an environmental and economic issue surrounding it, which would have impacted the scavengers' work. This proposal made it possible to consider the conditions that enable the scavengers to participate in this discursive production concerning trash. Problematization means the social enhancement of trash (its resemantization as recyclable) and the government policies were an attempt to make the scavengers adapt to this conjuncture. The conditions have been investigated that enable the scavengers to participate in the construction process of the discourse concerning trash (preparation of the strategies), in consonance with public policies. According to the three organizations observed, the public managers assumed that it would be possible for the scavengers to participate in the rules of discourse on trash, when they achieved economy of scale and when they sold to middlemen. Through the findings of the studies, however, it has been concluded that the ways in which these three organizations were managed enabled the scavengers to accede to the rules of discourse regarding problematized trash only when they could control the strategies that allow them to attend what is set by such rules.

Comprovações parciais da contabilidade como procedimento de auditoria: uma análise exploratória em firmas de auditoria do Chile e do Brasil

The work describes the procedures used by auditing companies when they have to give their opinion, based only in partial checking of the accounting books. A comparative analysis of the procedures used by companies operating in Santiago (Chile) and Rio de Janeiro (Brasil) is deve loped. The study is structured in a manner that permit to address the following questions : Which are the sampling techniques used by auditing firms in Chile and Brasil? - Which are the problems faced by using these techniques? 11 there is any; What are the main differences between the techniques used by both type 01 firms? lhe bibliographic review summarizes the sources that 6upport the use 01 partial checking as an auditing procedure. The methodology described after in to be used and the reason for its use are this parto The results of the survey applied to companies are also shown . A1ter , the data analysis is presented, making possible a comparison of the sampling techniques used by the auditing 1irms from both countries. Finally, based on the results, the conclusions and comments are presented. Some curricula or professional career considerations for auditor s are a lso presented in this part.

Economic stagnation and alternative development strategies

The focus of my paper is the presentation of some thoughts on overcoming economic stagnation, with reference to the case of Mexico. In Section 2, I will describe the reasons why the policies of financial opening based on the Washington Consensus create endogenous tendencies toward economic stagnation and overvaluation of currencies. Section 3 offers a concise outline of a possible alternative development project for Mexico. Section 4 presents some proposals regarding monetary, foreign exchange, and fiscal policy oriented toward reviving economic growth. Finally, in Section 5, I present some conclusions.