Megaprojetos de hidrel��tricas brasileiras: um olhar sobre responsabilidade social corporativa

Em um mundo onde a quest��o da necessidade de se preservar o meio ambiente e de movimentos socialmente respons��veis em alta, este trabalho surgiu da curiosidade de se buscar entender o bin��mio do desenvolvimento econ��mico versus o desenvolvimento sustent��vel, visando compreender como se deu a evolu����o desta rela����o em grandes projetos hidrel��tricos brasileiros. Neste contexto, os levantamentos de acontecimentos �� ��poca da constru����o de Itaipu serviram de base comparativa para o que hoje est�� sendo vivenciado pela hidrel��trica de Santo Ant��nio. �� fato que projetos desse porte v��o causar impactos e externalidades, por��m como, hoje est��o sendo tratadas, �� algo que pode nortear o andamento futuro de sua gest��o. Por isso, quest��es como a preserva����o da fauna e flora, reassentamento e desenvolvimento local, foram colocadas na pauta para verifica����o de como, ainda hoje, mesmo com o avan��o da tecnologia e com press��es externas a respeito da quest��o sustent��vel, as externalidades desses projetos s��o as mesmas. As luzes das teorias apresentadas de Responsabilidade Social Corporativa, desenvolvimento sustent��vel e econ��mico, al��m da estrutura����o dos movimentos sociais, servir��o de base para entender as quest��es apresentadas. Identificou-se que o sacrif��cio de poucos para usufruto de muitos continua a ser uma das principais quest��es a ser resolvida, e neste, inclui-se a quest��o da terra, assim como a n��o integra����o entre stakeholders e shareholders para se conseguir em alinhamento a melhor forma de se aproveitar e interagir com o meio em que ser�� inserido o empreendimento, a exclus��o pol��tica dos stakeholders do processo decis��rio sobre os projetos hidrel��tricos a serem implementados.

Business diplomacy: the compass rose of foreign markets

With transnational corporations (TNCs) around the world today numbering over 60,000 and more than 800,000 affiliates working abroad, it is easy to understand how modern day international business could have transformed into a major global player serving at the axis of politics, social and environmental responsibility. Additionally, with accountability to a large variety of both public and private stakeholders, all exerting significant power and influence, today���s global corporate structure is reinventing modern international relations, and in some cases, dominating it. (Muldoon 2005) This transformative nature of globalization today can also serve as a source of friction among this growing chorus of players and is bringing irreversible change to these relationships and how they impact and influence business around the world. (Muldoon 2005) From the largest to the smallest international corporation seeking to expand into new international markets, the challenges that come with corporate ambition can mean the difference between success and failure and they find a home at the intersection of international relations, diplomacy and economics. To successfully navigate these challenges, especially in emerging economies, a company must now factor in more than just the ���bottom line��� and address complex issues that include human rights differences, environmental regulations, labor rights and values of each country. (Henisz, 2014) Combined with modern-day mobility achieved through technology and the Internet, corporations today have a great capacity to reach targeted audiences and establish a presence, but it is this same technology that also allows for immediate response to any corporate action. This constant, 24-hour news cycle, where everyone is made to be a real-time reporter through social media, has created a situation that demonstrably necessitates the ability to not only 3 respond immediately, but also to have real-time understanding of the challenges faced by a corporation as it looks toward global expansion. International Business Diplomacy, or simply Business Diplomacy as it will be referred to in this paper, combines all of these nuanced factors into a relatively new discipline that offers companies looking to expand into new markets, guidelines and directives so that they can more strategically map corporate direction, limit risk and achieve their objectives. This paper will examine the history of diplomacy and how the concept of statecraft became intertwined with the increasing globalization of business. Following a scholarly examination of how modern Business Diplomacy came into being, and the unique challenges that come with its application, particularly the liabilities needed to be overcome, this paper will apply the concept to the Brazilian aerospace manufacturer Embraer, tracking its strategic emergence from a small, regionally focused aircraft producer to global leader in the regional and executive jet market platforms. It will then examine Embraer���s entrance into the Chinese market, where the company suffered from several missteps and eventually had to refocus its business model from commercial to executive jets. Finally, as globalization continues to ���emancipate international business from its institutional and social constraints,��� (Muldoon 2005) this paper will address how the relatively new and emerging discipline of Business Diplomacy is continuing to mature and grow in stature and influence through the proposition of a new challenge or ���liability��� that corporations must also overcome as they expand into new markets. Through the analysis of Embraer in China, this paper will introduce the Liability of Governance to the lexicon of Business Diplomacy and propose specific steps that a company can undertake to avoid it.

Mem��ria ferrovi��ria : da mobiliza����o social �� pol��tica p��blica de patrim��nio

Esta tese tem como objetivo o estudo do processo de construc��a��o e apropriac��a��o do passado ferrovia��rio e da transformac��a��o da memo��ria ferrovia��ria como objeto de poli��tica pu��blica, sobretudo apo��s a edic��a��o da Lei no 11.483/2007. O estudo aborda os papeis desempenhados por agentes sociais diversos, como as associac��o��es de preservac��a��o ferrovia��rias (APF), a Rede Ferrovia��ria Federal (RFFSA) e o Instituto do Patrimo��nio Histo��rico e Arti��stico Nacional (Iphan), e suas estrate��gias de ressignificac��a��o e objetificac��a��o do passado ferrovia��rio, processo que teve ini��cio ainda na de��cada de 1970. A pesquisa descreve a implantac��a��o da malha ferrovia��ria brasileira, de maneira a contextualizar a extinc��a��o da RFFSA, em 2007; aborda o surgimento e evoluc��a��o das APFs, e descreve a atuac��a��o da Rede na preservac��a��o e salvaguarda do passado da ferrovia por meio da ana��lise do Programa de Preservac��a��o do Patrimo��nio Histo��rico Ferrovia��rio (Preserfe). Por fim, a tese se debruc��a sobre a atuac��a��o do Iphan, recorrendo a�� ana��lise dos processos de tombamentos de bens ferrovia��rios e ao estudo dos desdobramentos da Lei no 11.483/2007 no interior do o��rga��o. O movimento de valorizac��a��o do passado ferrovia��rio contribui para os debates acerca dos processos de apropriac��a��o e patrimonializac��a��o do passado.

Windows of opportunities and knowledge networks: implications for the catch-up in developing countries

This document represents a doctoral thesis held under the Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration of Getulio Vargas Foundation (EBAPE/FGV), developed through the elaboration of three articles. The research that resulted in the articles is within the scope of the project entitled ���Windows of opportunities and knowledge networks: implications for catch-up in developing countries���, funded by Support Programme for Research and Academic Production of Faculty (ProPesquisa) of Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration (EBAPE) of Getulio Vargas Foundation.