Low cost BIST techniques for linear and non-linear analog circuits

With the ever increasing demands for high complexity consumer electronic products, market pressures demand faster product development and lower cost. SoCbased design can provide the required design flexibility and speed by allowing the use of IP cores. However, testing costs in the SoC environment can reach a substantial percent of the total production cost. Analog testing costs may dominate the total test cost, as testing of analog circuits usually require functional verification of the circuit and special testing procedures. For RF analog circuits commonly used in wireless applications, testing is further complicated because of the high frequencies involved. In summary, reducing analog test cost is of major importance in the electronic industry today. BIST techniques for analog circuits, though potentially able to solve the analog test cost problem, have some limitations. Some techniques are circuit dependent, requiring reconfiguration of the circuit being tested, and are generally not usable in RF circuits. In the SoC environment, as processing and memory resources are available, they could be used in the test. However, the overhead for adding additional AD and DA converters may be too costly for most systems, and analog routing of signals may not be feasible and may introduce signal distortion. In this work a simple and low cost digitizer is used instead of an ADC in order to enable analog testing strategies to be implemented in a SoC environment. Thanks to the low analog area overhead of the converter, multiple analog test points can be observed and specific analog test strategies can be enabled. As the digitizer is always connected to the analog test point, it is not necessary to include muxes and switches that would degrade the signal path. For RF analog circuits, this is specially useful, as the circuit impedance is fixed and the influence of the digitizer can be accounted for in the design phase. Thanks to the simplicity of the converter, it is able to reach higher frequencies, and enables the implementation of low cost RF test strategies. The digitizer has been applied successfully in the testing of both low frequency and RF analog circuits. Also, as testing is based on frequency-domain characteristics, nonlinear characteristics like intermodulation products can also be evaluated. Specifically, practical results were obtained for prototyped base band filters and a 100MHz mixer. The application of the converter for noise figure evaluation was also addressed, and experimental results for low frequency amplifiers using conventional opamps were obtained. The proposed method is able to enhance the testability of current mixed-signal designs, being suitable for the SoC environment used in many industrial products nowadays.

A coordenação entre os segmentos perna e coxa no andar : uma análise a partir da teoria dos sistemas dinâmicos

Utilizando-se entre a perna e a coxa os princípios da Teoria dos Sistemas Dinâmicos, foi estudada a coordenação intra-membros durante o andar em 16 sujeitos do sexo feminino. Os movimentos da perna e da coxa e suas relações foram analisados dinamicamente como sistemas acoplados de ciclo limite. Os sujeitos foram filmados lateralmente executando o andar em duas situações experimentais: normal e com uma sandália na perna direita na proporção de 5% do comprimento do segmento inferior. Os dados transformados em variáveis cinemáticas possibilitaram a análise da coordenação em termos de ângulos de fase, ponto de coordenação e fase relativa. Através dos dados angulares, foram testadas as propriedades dos osciladores não-lineares de ciclo limite. Os resultados indicaram que os segmentos apresentam uma órbita atrativa específica para cada um deles, que se mantém invariante ao longo das idades. Esta órbita atrativa representa a organização espaço-temporal do segmento durante o andar, servindo também para a visualização da quantidade de energia dissipada por parte de cada segmento. A análise dos ângulos de fase no momento da reversão, do ponto de coordenação e da fase relativa possibilitaram a identificação do treinamento mútuo e da estabilidade estrutural.