Protection of Urban Lands: Advances in Medellin’s Public Policy

The problem of land ownership protection in this country is an issue that must be faced by those who have as part of their responsibilities the recognition, the restitution and the reparation of victims of forced displacement. One of the points that must be analyzed is the protection of ownership of urban lands, a subject falling under municipal responsibility. The development of a public policy by the City of Medellín for the protection of such lands is a significant advance for the creation of protocols and for the return of rights to those who have adandoned their lands because of violence or who have been divested of their homes in urban areas.

Convergencias y divergencias entre las reivindicaciones y estrategias del EZLN y el MST

En los últimos años se hizo más notoria la existencia en América Latina de movimientos sociales contrarios a la implementación de medidas neoliberales y al avance de los procesos de globalización, que profundizaron problemas de vieja data, como la concentración de la tierra o la exclusión de los indígenas de los procesos nacionales. Entre estos movimientos encontramos al Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN) y el Movimiento de los Trabajadores Rurales sin Tierra (MST), que desde la década de los ochenta venían reclamando un conjunto de reivindicaciones a partir de su relación con la tierra y el significado de ésta para el desarrollo de su vida en comunidad. Por esta razón, realizar una comparación entre el EZLN y el MST, con el previo reconocimiento de sus contextos, resulta un ejercicio enriquecedor, en la medida en que permite ampliar el conocimiento sobre la situación general de América Latina y las alternativas que proponen otros actores a los problemas de sus países y la región.-----For the past few years the existence of social movements rebelling against the implementation of neoliberalism and globalization processes, deepening old social problems such as extensive land ownership or the exclusion of indigenous peoples from national decision making processes, has risen in Latin America. Among such movements the Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN) y el Movimiento de los Trabajadores Rurales sin Tierra (MST), have been forming since the eighties a series of demands linking their relationship with the land, and the cultural meaning that land carries for the development of community life. That is why to compare the EZLN and the MST, after having recognized their particular contexts is a very interesting exercise, for it allows us to broaden our knowledge on the social situation of Latin America, in general, and also the particular problem each region in experiencing at the moment.

Aciertos y desaciertos en la formulación de la Política Pública de Restitución de Tierras del Gobierno de Juan Manuel Santos. Periodo 2010 - 2013

El interés de esta monografía es analizar el diseño y la formulación de la Política Pública de Restitución de Tierras del Gobierno de Juan Manuel Santos. En particular, se busca establecer los aciertos y los desaciertos de dicho proceso para evidenciar que si bien la Restitución de Tierras propuesta por el Gobierno fue creada con el propósito de superar las desigualdades asociadas a la tenencia de tierras en Colombia, su formulación ha sido insuficiente para responder a las demandas de las víctimas del conflicto armado. Para tal fin se utilizan los dos modelos para el análisis de políticas públicas propuestos por la Universidad de Rosario como la herramienta teórica principal que permite entender cómo se llevo a cabo la formulación de esta política pública.

Is [Rural] Property Tax Relevant?

The present document presents the general notions and the definition of property taxation and, as part of it, the working definition of rural property taxation emphasizing that property taxation is a matter of “property” and rural property taxation is linked with rural property, specifically with land ownership. In addition, the document presents some facts about the performance of property taxation based on a secondary source of cross-country analysis. In order to give a definition of rural property tax, I will explain the logic of taxation linked to property and then present the nature and logic behind property taxation in theory.

Aproximaciones al concepto de propiedad privada del suelo urbano. Estado del arte en latinoamérica 1990 - 2014

El presente trabajo pretende hacer una revisión de la bibliografía latinoamericana con respecto al concepto de propiedad del suelo urbano. Se explica primero el itinerario del concepto a través de la historia, rescatando los puntos más importantes del debate y las particularidades que cada contexto aportó a la formación del concepto actual, para ahondar después en el análisis de la situación del debate en el contexto latinoamericano desde 1990, explicando los puntos de discusión y las posiciones de los autores con respecto a los mismos, para después intentar intuir el devenir futuro del concepto en nuestro continente. En este trabajo se encontró que las problemáticas particulares de las ciudades latinoamericanas tienen una influencia importante en el devenir de la discusión proporcionándole un enfoque diferente en el tratamiento del concepto.

Complementación del diseño de un sistema de información para la toma de decisiones caso FNA

La solución a las necesidades de vivienda de los colombianos, ha ocupado espacios importantes en las políticas públicas de diferentes gobiernos a lo largo del tiempo. Para ello, se han implementado diversas estrategias, que han ido desde la creación de entidades responsables de la administración de proyectos habitacionales, pasando por la incorporación de entidades oficiales y privadas que se vinculan a través de la otorgación de créditos, estimulo a la construcción de diferentes soluciones habitacionales y llegando al diseño de medidas financieras que buscan el estimulo al desembolso de créditos exequibles a través instituciones financieras. El FNA, desempeña un papel trascendental en la solución a las necesidades de los colombianos en su aspiración a tener vivienda propia, ahí se ha entendido que la vivienda usada también hace parte de la solución, para ello, se busca integrar dentro de los estudios de financiamiento del crédito, este proyecto, con el fin de que enlace vendedores y compradores, clasificados por rangos de precio de inmuebles y montos de crédito aprobado, con el fin de optimizar la labor del FNA y disminuir los casos de devolución del crédito por parte del beneficiario, a causa de ausencia de opciones de vivienda que se ajusten a su presupuesto. Así mismo dentro del marco de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial y para dar respuesta a las expectativas de uno de los Grupos de Interés prioritario del FNA, en concordancia con una de las siete materias fundamentales que consagra la Norma ISO 26.000, denominada “Asunto de los Consumidores”, es un valor agregado a las funciones y servicios brindados por el FNA a sus afiliados para facilitarles la adquisición de su vivienda.

Land Restitution and Prevention of Forced Displacement in Colombia

The armed conflict in Colombia, which has generated over three million internally displaced persons, has dramatic humanitarian consequences and raises serious issues regarding the protection of displaced peoples’ rights. The underlying reasons for the displacement often lie in the dynamics associated with territorial control and land seizures undertaken for strategic, military or purely economic purposes. Domestic and international legal provisions have established the victims’ right to the restitution of their homes and property as the “preferred remedy” in cases of displacement. However, policies dealing with displacement, both those of the Colombian government and of several international institutions, fail to take this sufficiently into account. A comprehensive reparation policy for victims must necessarily entail the reversion of lands, territories and goods seized in Colombia under the pretext of the internal armed conflict.

Land Reform in Developing Countries: Property Rights and Property Wrongs, por Michael Lipton, Londres: Routledge, 2009

Reseña

Sexual Violence Against Women as a Strategy to Dispossess Land in the Colombian Armed Conflict

This article reviews the evidence collected by diverse national and international organizations regarding the relationship between sexual violence against women, forced displacement, and dispossession in the context of the Colombian armed conflict. To this end, it uses the concept of “sexual violence regimes” to highlight that the endspursued by sexual violence are not always exhausted by simple consummation (that is, the act of sexual violence itself), but depending on the context, can be connected with broader strategic goals of armed actors. At the same time, this document admits the difficulty of proving this relationship with respect to judicial procedures, and thus sets out the possibility of creating a rebuttable presumption, in the framework of “unconstitutional state of affairs” created by judgment T-025 of 2004, that alleviates the burden of proof of the victims, and serves as a catalyst to promote new genderbased mechanisms of reparations.

Dilemmas in Regards to the Restitution of Lands in Colombia

The text argues that, even if different sectors of society have some strategic points of agreement on the issue of land, which converge on the specific issue of restitution, they strongly disagree on various other points. On one side are some who advocate “pure restitution” and consequently support a restitution policy that focuses on correcting the illegal dispossession and clarifying land titles and individual rights to property, which would serve to boost the land market and allow for rural development policies that modernize agricultural production, fundamentally based on large, corporate ownership. On the other end of the spectrum are advocates of what we call “comprehensive restitution,” who promote adopting a restitution policy that meets the requirements not only of corrective justice but also of recognition and redistribution, advancing the interest of peasant, indigenous, and afro-Colombian communities.

The Bureaucratic Impact of the mobilization for Land. Lessons from the Liberal Republic

The State-building process must be understood through the study of the agencies in charge of each of its regulatory functions. One such function is the regulation of property rights. During the Liberal Republic, as a reaction to the massive mobilization,new tools to better regulate property rights were promoted: colonization, parceling, the award of public lands and, at the end, a new legal framework. In spite of its purposes, they faced and failed to solve the challenges every organization experiences when growing: resource scarcity, controlling its agents, and keeping technical simplicity.

The project of land restitution in Colombia: an illustration of the civilizing force of hypocrisy?

This article offers a theoretical interpretation of the dispositions on land restitution contained in the famous “Victims’ Bill”, which was debated in the Colombian Congress during the year 2008. The bill included specific mechanisms aimed at guaranteeing the restitution of land to victims of the Colombian armed conflict. At the time, the bill was endorsed by all the main political actors in the country –notably the government and the elites that support it, on the one hand, and victims’ and human rights organizations and other opposition groups, on the other–. The fact that the restitution of land to victims of the Colombian armed conflict was being considered as a serious possibility by all political actors in the country seemed to indicate the existence of a consensus among actors whose positions are ordinarily opposed, on an issue that has traditionally led to high levels of polarization. This consensus is quite puzzling, because it seems to be at odds with the interests and/or the conceptions of justice advocated by these political actors, and because the restitution of land faces enormous difficulties both from a factual and a normative point of view, which indicates that it may not necessarily be the best alternative for dealing with the issue of land distribution in Colombia. This article offers an interpretation of said consensus, arguing that it is only an apparent consensus in which the actors are actually misrepresenting their interests and conceptions of justice, while at the same time adopting divergent strategies of implementation aimed at fulfilling their true interests. Nevertheless, the article concludes that the common adherence by all actors to the principle of restorative justice might bring about its actual realization, and thus produce an outcome that, in spite (and perhaps even because) of being unintended, might substantively contribute to solving the problem of unequal land distribution in Colombia. Even though the article focuses in some detail on the specificities of the 2008 Bill, it attempts to make a general argument about the state of the discussion on how to deal with the issue of land distribution in the country. Consequently, it may still be relevant today, especially considering that a new Bill on land restitution is currently being discussed in Congress, which includes the same restitution goals as the Victims’ Bill and many of its procedural and substantive details, and which therefore seems to reflect a similar consensus to the one analyzed in the article.

Advances and limitations in the attention to the problems of housing and urban land in Mexico. An approach from the legal-institutional frame

In this work we analyze the reforms carried out by the Mexican state in the nineties of the 20th century, in the items concerning the policies of housing and urban land, based on an exhaustive review of the main actions, programs and changes in the legal and institutional frame that applies for each of these fields. The nineties represent a "breaking point" in the way the State considers the satisfaction of the right to the housing and attends the offer of urbanized land for a tidy and sustainable urban development. In this period of time, the approach of direct intervention in developing and financing housing and creation of land reserves has changed into another one, ruled by the logic of the market. The balance to the first decade of the 21st century is ambiguous, as neither the housing policy has solved the housing shortage for low-income population, nor the land policy has eliminated the illegal urban growth.

Informal access to urban land. Housing policies devoted to vulnerable sectors implemented in Cordoba-Argentina

The urban growth in Latino American cities, in a neoliberal context, has led to several population groups to having no possibilities to the access to urban land. Informal and irregular urban settlements increase, requiring attention from local governments, with actions and strategies in order to achieve both the regularization of such situation and further prevention. In the city of Córdoba different informal and irregular operations have taken place promoted by different actors. Furthermore, policies focused on regularization which have been promoted, have few intervention mechanisms, a fact that becomes critical, especially for the urban problems it causes. The main aim of this article is to present a classification over different modes of urban land acquirement taking place out of both urban and civil legislations. Afterwards, different informal settlement typologies are described, as well as the policies focused on them, together with their respective effects and impacts.

Social housing and land use planning in Medellin during the period 2006-2011. Steps towards socio economic and residential segregation

This paper presents an approach to the relationship between land use planning and socioeconomic residential segregation, from the location of social housing in Medellin, Colombia, during the period 2006-2011. The first part introduces the land use regulations regarding the location of social housing, identifying ambiguities in the current spatial plan. Next, we present the intersection of  regulatory information and the location of the projects that were under construction during the  study period, highlighting the need to consider the location as an important characteristic of social housing and residential segregation as a phenomenon that must be recognized and worked on land  use planning in our cities.