Climate Change and Transregional Convergence: Carbon Markets in North Amer ica

National policies in North America have not been drafted properly to address the problem of climate change, following the impasse of international negotiations. Facing this scenario, new alternatives emerge with the leadership and participation of new actors. Local governments in North America, especially of British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec, have been developing strategies to face climate change and emissions reduction in parallel to the national efforts and the global governance strategies. These local governments have developed a transregional approach that has resulted in the creation of regional institutions such as the Western Climate Initiative, the Regional Greenhouse GasInitiative and the Midwestern GreenhouseGas Reduction Accord.Their main goal is to establish regional carbon markets to mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts in a cost-effective way. In spite of these efforts, these initiatives have faced the overlapping problem among them and with national and globalstrategies. The goal of this research is to explore how these carbon markets have developed convergence policies. Convergence among these markets is expressed in their offset system and in secondary markets.

Reajuste de derechos de propiedad del suelo urbano en las ciudades de Japón y de Colombia

Los instrumentos de la reforma urbana se han concebido para disciplinar el funcionamiento de los mercados inmobiliarios. Este artículo trata sobre uno de estos instrumentos, el reajuste de tierras. En la primera parte se esbozan, de manera sucinta, algunos rasgos de las formaciones sociales y territoriales del Japón y de Colombia con relación a la propiedad y el uso del suelo urbano. En la segunda presentamos tres experiencias en el empleo del reajuste tierras, comenzando por la restauración posguerra de Nagoya por ser, según nuestro parecer, la más emblemática y original de las múltiples que se pueden encontrar en el Japón. Las otras dos corresponden al proceso de reconstrucción posterremoto de la ciudad de Armenia en Colombia: una de ellas fracasada y otra exitosa.-----The instruments of the Urban Reform have been conceived to discipline the operation of the real estate markets. This work deals with on one these instruments, the Land Readjustment. In the first part they are outlined, of way succinct, some social and territorial characteristics of the formation of Japan and Colombia in relation to the property and the use of the urban land. In second we displayed three experiences in the use of the readjustment land, beginning by the one of the restoration postwar period of Nagoya to be, according to ours to seem, most emblematic and original of the manifold that can be found in Japan. The other two correspond to the reconstruction process post-earthquake of the city of Armenia in Colombia: one of them failed and another successful one.