Reconciliation as a Political Concept: Some Observations and Remarks

This paper summarizes a number of observations and reflections on the phenomenon and practice called “reconciliation”, in connection to peace processes and peace-building initiatives. In particular it draws from processes followed by the author, in East Timor in particular, but also in Europe, the Middle East and, more recently, Colombia. It is a discussion paper. The purpose is to invite to reflection, both on the level of perspectives as well as concepts. It is developed from a lecture called “The Challenge of Reconciliation” held at Universidad Nacional, Bogotá, in December 2003. Following substantial revision since then (making the text more than double in length) I realize that today not many parts of the original text are still recognizable from that presentation, then organized by the Embassy of Sweden in Colombia, as part of its commitment to the peace process in that country. I have accepted the invitation of the Center of Political and International Studies (Centro de Estudios Políticos e Internacionales, CEPI), at Universidad del Rosario, to publish this work in progress, to reach a broader public in Colombia and contribute to the discussion on econciliation. The field of “political reconciliation” is evolving, definitions of reconciliation are abounding, and different contributors have different takes on the subject matter, quite naturally. It is the author’s view, that reconciliation can and should not be “held captive” of any particular field of study. It relates to fundamental, some would call it existential, issues of meaning, trust, contradictions, and suffering in the midst of a violent, political reality. It is wise to tread softly on ground with such a complex bottom.

El diferendo chileno-boliviano en la perspectiva de la recuperación de una salida al mar

La pérdida del litoral Boliviano en 1904, ha traído consigo, el aislamiento de procesos y fenómenos mundiales tales como la navegación y exploración libre de vías de comercio para la ampliación de sus intereses económicos y sociales, también ha deteriorado el ánimo de una nación que vive con la memoria de haber sido de algún modo víctima de un desfalco centenario. El diferendo de la región sur de Bolivia, es una de las situaciones políticas fronterizas que han ceñido a lo largo de la historia las relaciones bilaterales entre ambas naciones. Sin embargo, la dimensión del diferendo poco a poco se ha convertido en un asunto de política continental, debido a que muchas naciones en el mundo están de acuerdo en apoyar la devolución de una salida al mar para Bolivia. Lo que en un inicio fue un asunto bilateral, con el paso del tiempo se fue convirtiendo en un asunto multilateral y de importancia continental.

El Sitio de Cartagena por parte de Pablo Morillo como escenario del choque de legitimidades entre la monarquía española y los movimientos independentistas de la Nueva Granada

Explica por qué se impuso el general Pablo Morillo sobre Cartagena cuando ésta era prácticamente impenetrable. Analiza como el desorden político-administrativo de los criollos independentistas y a las facciones de criollos realistas llevaron a este resultado adverso.

Análisis de la relación entre la memoria colectiva, la identidad y la movilización política o social en Trujillo, Valle, período 1994-2010

Se analiza la relación entre la reconstrucción de memoria, la identidad y la movilización política o social, en Trujillo, Valle, observando las iniciativas promovidas por el Estado y la comunidad y cómo éstas posibilitan la consolidación de identidades que podrían materializarse en movilizaciones de tipo colectivo.

The Bogota – sabana region : the political economy behind the struggle to implement a sustainable urban development model

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Papel de la Organización de Naciones Unidas ONU (MINUGUA) en el proceso de reconstrucción posconflicto guatemalteco en materia de justicia transicional (1994-2004). Un estado del arte

Estado del arte que recopila pronunciamientos de diversos autores sobre el papel de la Organización de Naciones Unidas, específicamente la Misión MINUGUA, en el proceso de reconstrucción posconflicto en Guatemala comprendido entre el año 1994 y 2004. Se basa en algunas dimensiones de la democratización como son el Estado de Derecho, la democracia representativa, la preeminencia del poder civil, y el fortalecimiento de la cultura democrática. Así mismo, tiene en cuenta los elementos de la justicia transicional, a saber: verdad, justicia y reparación.

La responsabilidad del Estado español en materia de Derechos Humanos en el marco del Estatuto de Roma. Análisis de la Ley de Memoria Histórica (2007- 2011)

El Estatuto de Roma como Régimen internacional genera dinámicas de cooperación con los Estados miembro en materia de Derechos Humanos; en España se llevaron a cabo procesos de armonización institucional que se tradujeron en voluntad política de reconocer los derechos y establecer medidas de restitución a las víctimas de la guerra civil y la dictadura, a través de la formulación de la Ley de Memoria Histórica en el año 2007; sin embargo el cumplimiento de estas es insuficiente a la hora de analizar la responsabilidad internacional de España en Derechos Humanos.

Análisis de la configuración del movimiento Madres de Plaza de Mayo en relación con el proceso de democratización política en Argentina (1983-1995)

El análisis de este trabajo se concentra en la caracterización del movimiento argentino Madres de Plaza de Mayo, visto a través de un cambio de contexto político determinante para la sociedad de este país; tomando como referencia el espacio temporal comprendido entre 1983-1995. El año del que parte este estudio, marca el tránsito del Proceso de Reorganización Nacional hacia las elecciones democráticas del 30 de octubre de 1983; por su parte, el límite lo determina el segundo gobierno democrático post dictadura, debido a que mediante el estudio de las decisiones políticas que se tomaron tanto en el gobierno de Raúl Alfonsín como en el de Carlos Menem se podrá apreciar las repercusiones de estas decisiones sobre la composición, la ideología y accionar del movimiento.

Self-organized sociopolitical interactions as the best way to achieve organized patterns in human social systems: going beyond the top-down control of classical political regimes

La monografía presenta la auto-organización sociopolítica como la mejor manera de lograr patrones organizados en los sistemas sociales humanos, dada su naturaleza compleja y la imposibilidad de las tareas computacionales de los regímenes políticos clásico, debido a que operan con control jerárquico, el cual ha demostrado no ser óptimo en la producción de orden en los sistemas sociales humanos. En la monografía se extrapola la teoría de la auto-organización en los sistemas biológicos a las dinámicas sociopolíticas humanas, buscando maneras óptimas de organizarlas, y se afirma que redes complejas anárquicas son la estructura emergente de la auto-organización sociopolítica.

The moral background of the political philosophers –The Nozick case–

 On the assumption that any complex Modern Political Theory involves a decision about human rights, this article considers a possible assessment of the broader aspects of the conception of the State in the work of Nozick. Based on one critical point of view originally formulated by H.L.A. Hart, it defends the claim that the libertarian conception is untenable in moral terms. 

Legal, political and economic aspects of the tragedy in rural Colombia in recent decades: hypothesis for analysis

Editorial

The institutional environment and its influence on political options to Protect Winnipeg’s Female garments Workers against the impact of globalization

The principal objective of this paper is to identify the relationship between the re­sults of the Canadian policies implemented to protect female workers against the impact of globalization on the garment industry and the institutional setting in which this labour market is immersed in Winnipeg. This research paper begins with a brief summary of the institutional theory appro­ach that sheds light on the analysis of the effects of institutions on the policy options to protect female workers of the Winnipeg garment industry. Next, this paper identi­fies the set of beliefs, formal procedures, routines, norms and conventions that cha­racterize the institutional environment of the female workers of Winnipeg’s garment industry. Subsequently, this paper descri­bes the impact of free trade policies on the garment industry of Winnipeg. Afterward, this paper presents an analysis of the ba­rriers that the institutional features of the garment sector in Winnipeg can set to the successful achievement of policy options addressed to protect the female workforce of this sector. Three policy options are considered: ethical purchasing; training/retraining programs and social engage­ment support for garment workers; and protection of migrated workers through promoting and facilitating bonds between Canada’s trade unions and trade unions of the labour sending countries. Finally, this paper concludes that the formation of isolated cultural groups inside of factories; the belief that there is gender and race discrimination on the part of the garment industry management against workers; the powerless social conditions of immi­grant women; the economic rationality of garment factories’ managers; and the lack of political will on the part of Canada and the labour sending countries to set effective bilateral agreements to protect migrate wor­kers, are the principal barriers that divide the actors involved in the garment industry in Winnipeg. This division among the prin­cipal actors of Winnipeg’s garment industry impedes the change toward more efficient institutions and, hence, the successful achievement of policy options addressed to protect women workers. 

Working memory in school-aged children: Exhibition intervals and distracters effects in Memonum computerized test

This study assessed visual working memory through Memonum computerized test in schoolchildren. The effects of three exposure times (1, 4 and 8 seconds) have been evaluated, and the presentation of a distractor on the mnemonic performance in the test Memonum in 72 children from a college in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, Colombia, aged between 8 and 11 in grades third, fourth and fifth grade. It has been found significant difference regarding the exposure time in the variables number of hits and successes accumulated, showing a better mnemonic performance in participants who took the test during 8 seconds compared to children who took the test during 1 second; in addition, the presence of a distractor showed a significant difference regarding the strengths and successes accumulated. Such distractor is considered a stimulus generator interference that disrupts the storage capacity of working memory in children. Additionally, a significant difference was found with respect to the use of mental rehearsal strategy, indicating that participants who took the test in 4 and 8 seconds, respectively, assigned higher scores than children who took the test in 1 second. A long exposure time to stimuli during Memonum test increases the holding capacity. Also, the use of a distractor affects the storage capacity and this, at the same time, increases the school progression due to the use of mnemonic strategies that children use to ensure the memory of the numerical series

Contribution from neuropsychology to the study of semantic memory

Semantic memory has been studied from various fields. The first models emerged from cognitive psychology from the hand of the division proposed by Tulving between semantic and episodic memory. Over the past thirty years there have been parallel developments in the fields of psycholinguistics, cognitive psychology and cognitive neuropsychology. The present work is to review the contributions that have emerged within the neuropsychology to the study of semantic memory and to present an updated overview of the points of consensus. First, it is defined the term "semantics" conceptually within the field of neuropsychology. Then, there is a dichotomy that passes through both psychological and neuropsychological models on semantic memory: the existence of modals versus amodal representations. Third, there are  developed the main theoretical models in neuropsychology that emerged in an attempt to explain categoryspecific semantic deficits. Finally, more robust contributions and points that still generate some discussion are reviewed.

Autobiographical Memory for Stressful Events, Traumatic Memory and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review

Stressors and traumatic events may contribute to the development of many psychopathologies, PTSD among them. People with this disorder can present significant cognitive impairments and losses in memory, particularly autobiographical memory (AM).This paper aims to present a systematic review of literature considering changes on autobiographical memory in people exposed to potentially traumatic stressors. Therefore, we performed a computerized search in databases PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science and Pilots in March 2012.A total of 29 articles were selected and grouped into three categories: studies comparing Trauma X PTSD, studies comparing PTSD X Trauma X Control and comparison studies according to post-traumatic symptoms. Results demonstrate that people with PTSD presents alterations in a larger number of AM components compared to the cases in which PTSD did not developed. In the same way, subjects never exposed to trauma did not demonstrate significant alterations on  AM when compared to the other groups. The results of this study allowed concluding that changes of some components of the AM are primarily associated with PTSD, but it was not possible to clarify whether such changes are related to the timely development of the disorder, or if they are also observed in traumatic memories even in the absence of disorder.