The project of land restitution in Colombia: an illustration of the civilizing force of hypocrisy?

This article offers a theoretical interpretation of the dispositions on land restitution contained in the famous “Victims’ Bill”, which was debated in the Colombian Congress during the year 2008. The bill included specific mechanisms aimed at guaranteeing the restitution of land to victims of the Colombian armed conflict. At the time, the bill was endorsed by all the main political actors in the country –notably the government and the elites that support it, on the one hand, and victims’ and human rights organizations and other opposition groups, on the other–. The fact that the restitution of land to victims of the Colombian armed conflict was being considered as a serious possibility by all political actors in the country seemed to indicate the existence of a consensus among actors whose positions are ordinarily opposed, on an issue that has traditionally led to high levels of polarization. This consensus is quite puzzling, because it seems to be at odds with the interests and/or the conceptions of justice advocated by these political actors, and because the restitution of land faces enormous difficulties both from a factual and a normative point of view, which indicates that it may not necessarily be the best alternative for dealing with the issue of land distribution in Colombia. This article offers an interpretation of said consensus, arguing that it is only an apparent consensus in which the actors are actually misrepresenting their interests and conceptions of justice, while at the same time adopting divergent strategies of implementation aimed at fulfilling their true interests. Nevertheless, the article concludes that the common adherence by all actors to the principle of restorative justice might bring about its actual realization, and thus produce an outcome that, in spite (and perhaps even because) of being unintended, might substantively contribute to solving the problem of unequal land distribution in Colombia. Even though the article focuses in some detail on the specificities of the 2008 Bill, it attempts to make a general argument about the state of the discussion on how to deal with the issue of land distribution in the country. Consequently, it may still be relevant today, especially considering that a new Bill on land restitution is currently being discussed in Congress, which includes the same restitution goals as the Victims’ Bill and many of its procedural and substantive details, and which therefore seems to reflect a similar consensus to the one analyzed in the article.

Régimen político y límites de la democracia en regiones afectadas por conflicto armado y cultivos ilícitos: el caso del Catatumbo

Este artículo se basa en una investigación realizada en tres municipios de la región del Catatumbo (Norte de Santander, Colombia); analiza las disfunciones en el arreglo institucional, derivadas de la presencia de grupos armados ilegales activos y de cultivos ilícitos; señala las afectaciones que se presentan en el régimen político y en el ejercicio de la democracia; y plantea los problemas que deben afrontar los gobiernos locales para dar cumplimiento a su mandato.El artículo propone que la acción del Estado en esta región se ve afectada por fuertes fallas de legitimidad, eficiencia y eficacia, las cuales generan limitaciones críticas a la gobernabilidad del territorio. Dichas fallas tienen que ver con la supresión del pacto social y con la inoperancia de la democracia en su versión mínima. Se concluye que en los municipios estudiados, las fallas de Estado disminuyen radicalmente los costos de transacción de los grupos armados ilegales para acceder al control del territorio y establecerse como agencias de protección en competencia con el Estado. Además, conducen al establecimiento de un círculo de afectación perverso en el que el aumento de los costos de inversión pública necesarios para la corrección de dichas fallas hace que a su vez disminuya el interés de los actores del ámbito político para solucionarlas, generando una trampa crónica de reducción de la gobernabilidad en la escala regional.-----This article is based on research carried out in three municipalities of the Catatumbo (North Santander department, Colombia) region, and analyzes institutional arrangement dysfunctions that arise from active illegal armed groups and illicit crops, pointing out the effects on the political regime and the exercise of democracy and stating the problems that must be faced by local governments in order to perform their mandate.The article suggests that Government action in this region has been affected by deep failures in legitimacy, efficiency, and effectiveness, which generated critical limitations to governability in that territory. Such failures are related to the factual suppression of the social contract and to the ineffectiveness of a democracy in its least representation. It concludes that in the municipalities under examination, Government failures strongly reduce the settlement costs for illegal armed groups to access territory control and to establish as protection agents in competition with the State. They also lead towards the establishment of a vicious affectation cycle where the cost increase of the public investment required to correct such failures in turn reduces political actors’ interest in solving them, thus creating a chronic trap that reduces governability in the regional level.

Incidencia de los actores sociales y políticos en la implementación de la Política Nacional de Competitividad en la región Orinoquia 2008-2013

Esta investigación analiza y diagnostica la manera en que los actores sociales y políticos han incidido en la implementación de la Política Nacional de Competitividad en la Región Orinoquia durante el período 2008-2013. Se explica cómo, desde su comportamiento en espacios de participación ciudadana y enmarcados en un entorno violento, estos actores han condicionado la eficacia de dicha política; situación que se ha representado en un bajo desempeño competitivo. Para ello, desde una perspectiva sistémica de la competitividad y mediante un trabajo de campo realizado en la región, se analizan variables como la gobernanza, la participación ciudadana, el capital social y la integración regional, con el fin de identificar problemáticas y formular finalmente una serie de recomendaciones para la construcción de entornos competitivos en la región Orinoquia.

La actualización del modelo socialista y sus efectos en el Partido Comunista Cubano

El VI Congreso del Partido Comunista de Cuba introdujo una nueva agenda económica que el Gobierno llama la actualización del modelo socialista. Muchos piensan que en esencia se trata de una serie de reformas y reducen su importancia a su dimensión económica. Esta monografía busca explicar la actualización aplicando el análisis de sistemas-mundo de Immanuel Wallerstein, aportando una interpretación no convencional del fenómeno. Se puntualizará en las variables de poder y en los actores políticos que han determinado la nueva política económica: el Partido Comunista de Cuba (PCC) y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias (FAR). Ambos conforman lo que Wallerstein denomina un movimiento antisitémico. El argumento principal es que el movimiento ha puesto en marcha las reformas buscando fortalecer el Estado y así garantizar su supervivencia al consolidar su posición como el competidor único del poder estatal. Como se verá, estas metas han llevado al movimiento a sacrificar parte de su naturaleza antisistémica.

¿Quién es terrorista? Aproximación a las nociones de terrorismo en la política de seguridad democrática durante el gobierno de Álvaro Uribe Vélez

El objetivo del presente trabajo de grado es estudiar el discurso de la lucha contra el terrorismo en Colombia y dar luces al debate que giró alrededor de quien era señalado como terrorista durante el gobierno de Álvaro Uribe Vélez. Indaga sobre la instrumentalización que se ha dado al discurso de la lucha contra el terrorismo por actores políticos, quienes, en contraposición a los actores jurídicos, buscan mantener la ambigüedad del mencionado debate. Partiendo de los planteamientos de Donatella Della Porta y Charles Tilly, quienes ponen en tela de juicio la validez del terrorismo como concepto dentro de las ciencias sociales y, utilizando casos para ejemplificar cómo los actores políticos se benefician de la ambigüedad del discurso configurado alrededor del terrorismo, el presente trabajo muestra cómo se implementó este discurso en Colombia enfocándose en los actores que podían modificar la realidad a partir de su posición en el mencionado debate.

The institutional environment and its influence on political options to Protect Winnipeg’s Female garments Workers against the impact of globalization

The principal objective of this paper is to identify the relationship between the re­sults of the Canadian policies implemented to protect female workers against the impact of globalization on the garment industry and the institutional setting in which this labour market is immersed in Winnipeg. This research paper begins with a brief summary of the institutional theory appro­ach that sheds light on the analysis of the effects of institutions on the policy options to protect female workers of the Winnipeg garment industry. Next, this paper identi­fies the set of beliefs, formal procedures, routines, norms and conventions that cha­racterize the institutional environment of the female workers of Winnipeg’s garment industry. Subsequently, this paper descri­bes the impact of free trade policies on the garment industry of Winnipeg. Afterward, this paper presents an analysis of the ba­rriers that the institutional features of the garment sector in Winnipeg can set to the successful achievement of policy options addressed to protect the female workforce of this sector. Three policy options are considered: ethical purchasing; training/retraining programs and social engage­ment support for garment workers; and protection of migrated workers through promoting and facilitating bonds between Canada’s trade unions and trade unions of the labour sending countries. Finally, this paper concludes that the formation of isolated cultural groups inside of factories; the belief that there is gender and race discrimination on the part of the garment industry management against workers; the powerless social conditions of immi­grant women; the economic rationality of garment factories’ managers; and the lack of political will on the part of Canada and the labour sending countries to set effective bilateral agreements to protect migrate wor­kers, are the principal barriers that divide the actors involved in the garment industry in Winnipeg. This division among the prin­cipal actors of Winnipeg’s garment industry impedes the change toward more efficient institutions and, hence, the successful achievement of policy options addressed to protect women workers. 

The Proliferation of Paramilitary Groups in Southern Mexico: State Strategy or Struggle between Local Political Elites?

This study traces the origins of Mexican paramilitary groups and argues that, contrary to what most of the literature on the subject implies, they do not represent a state strategy to thwart leftist groups seeking social change. Rather, they represent battles between groups of national and local-level elites with different visions of democracy and of what constitutes good governance. The polarization inherent in this type of conflict leads local actors to have to side with one faction of elites or the other. The presence of radical leftist groups in recently colonized indigenous areas with scant state presence gives rise to a process of radicalization among local elites. There are multiple factors that explain the emergence of paramilitary groups. Aside from the post Cold War international context, there were national factors like a shift in its focus away from security matters between 1989 and 1993, and presidential policies between 1968 and 1993, that planted the seeds of leftist radicalism in a context of id modernization