Transport impact of in urban planning: the case of Transmilenio in Bogota

The growth and expansion of cities during the last century can’t be seen without taking into account the important role they have assumed in the transport infrastructure. In Bogota have passed trough streetcar, buses and automóviles was deciding for the city, because all this periods marked a drastic change in growth morphology. This article studies the planning of Mass Transit System –MTS– Transmilenio and its interaction with the urban structure, in light of the current city planning framework. It also specifies the behavior of land use in the construction of the system first phase. One of the most important findings of this study is that there is no articulation between land and transport use system, despite the decisions taken in the ordering model. Similarly, local and intermediate planning exhibits Peak articulation.The existing infrastructure of the MTS reiterates the tendency to concentrate the accessibility in one place: the center has the largest accessibility whereas periphery fails to overcome its limitations of accessibility. While the city continued with this trend the existence of a coordinated planning system for Bogota and the ability to meet expectations of planning model is questionable, however it is something that depends not only on MTS.

¿Renovación, crisis o más de lo mismo? La revocatoria de mandato en los gobiernos locales latinoamericanos

In the public agenda in Latin America recall has gained of importance since the controversies generated by the votes in Venezuela (2004) and Bolivia (2008) in order to recall Presidents Hugo Chavez and Evo Morales, respectively (both attempts failed). However, it is on the local level where this institution got activated  most frequently and where it could be responsible for major political changes. In  this article, we analyze the introduction, use and consequences of the recall on  the local level in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. We briefly  discuss recall in the light of the current debate on representative democracy and its adoption as a mechanism of direct democracy (MDD) from ‘bottom-up’, initiated  by the citizens. Furthermore, we describe the context under which MDDs have proliferated in various places of the world. More specifically, we then continue  to explore where and in which context in Latin America recall was promoted  as an element of participatory democracy. Finally, we com  up with tentative conclusions about the potential and risks involved with this particular mechanism of direct democracy.