Estimulacion magnetica trascraneal en el desempeno motor en enfermedades del sistema nervioso central: Revision Sistematica

Introducción: El uso de la estimulación cerebral no invasiva en procesos de rehabilitación es de gran interés, por cuanto con mediación tecnológica se generan nuevas posibilidades de recuperación motora, a partir de la activación de la corteza cerebral. El objetivo del estudio es establecer la evidencia del uso terapéutico de la EMT, relacionado con el desempeño motor de pacientes con enfermedades del sistema nervioso central. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura. Se incluyeron 10 estudios en el análisis cualitativo que incluyó la evaluación de calidad con la escala de Jadad y del riesgo de sesgo con la herramienta Cochrane. Fueron excluidos 1613 estudios. Se aplicó el protocolo del estudio para la extracción, revisión y validez de los estudios incluidos. Resultados: La evidencia disponible muestra resultados positivos del uso terapéutico de la EMT en el desempeño motor en aspectos como la aceleración, la fuerza de pinza y de agarre, la estabilidad y la fuerza muscular, así como una mejor velocidad de la marcha y una disminución en la frecuencia y severidad de los espasmos. Discusión: La EMT puede constituir una estrategia terapéutica para mejorar el desempeño motor en pacientes con ECV, Lesión Medular y enfermedad de Parkinson, que requiere más investigación por la heterogeneidad de los diseños y medidas de descenlace utilizados, así como por la alta variabilidad interindividual que hace complejo estandarizar los protocolos de su uso terapéutico.

Neurobiology of expectancy effects and omission of reinforcement on behavior

The reinforcement omission effects have been traditionally interpreted in terms of: behavioral facilitation after reinforcement omission induced by primary frustration or behavioral suppression after reinforcement delivery induced by postconsummatory states. The studies reviewed here indicate that amygdala is involved in modulation of these effects. However, the fact that amygdala lesions, extensive or selective, can eliminate, reduce and enhance the omission effects makes it difficult to understand how it is the exact nature of their involvement. The amygdala is related to several functions that depend on its connections with other brain systems. Thus, it is necessary to consider the involvement of a more complex neural network in the modulation of the reinforcement omission effects. The connection of amygdala subareas to cortical and subcortical structures may be involved in this modulation since they also are linked to processes related to reward and expectancy.

Brain injury: Assessment of hemineglect occurence and of attentional deficit through cancellation tasks

Hemineglect (HN) is a widely studied syndrome after unilateral lesions due to stroke. However, although there are some studies with HN rehabilitation of posttraumatic brain injury (TBI), there seems to be no published data about the prevalence of HN in TBI through cancellation tasks. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize the occurrence of this syndrome and of attentional deficits in patients with TBI by means of the Bells Test and of a line cancellation task. The sample was comprised of 21 patients with TBI and 21 healthy controls matched by education, age and frequency of written language habits. There was a poorer performance of patients with TBI with a greater number of omissions on the left side and lower speed processing. In addition, suggestive signs of HN were found in 38 % of the sample of TBI patients. More research is needed to characterize clinical syndromes regarding the occurrence of HN after a TBI through the traditionally known cancellation paradigm.

Implementation of ‘School Back’ by the ‘Core’ technique in a factory of geotextiles to prevent back pain

Introduction: This article aims to show an alternative intervention for the prevention and control of back pain to the people of a production plant of geotextiles for the construction exposed to handling and awkward postures through the implementation of the Back School using the CORE technique. This technique being understood as trainer of the stability musculature of the spine; whose benefit is proportionate the muscular complex of the back, stability and avoid osteomuscular lesions and improved posture. Objective: To present the results about the implementation of the back school by the CORE technique for prevention of back pain in a population of forty-eight male collaborators. Materials and methods: The back school began with talks of awareness by the occupational health physician explaining the objectives and benefits of it to all participants. Once this activity was done, was continued to evaluate all plant employees to establish health status through the PAR-Q questionnaire, who were surveyed for the perception of pain using visual analog scale (VAS) and stability was determined column through the CORE assessment, to determine the training plan. Then, were made every six months the revaluations and implementation of a survey of assistant public perception to identify the impact of the implementation of the school back on the two variables referred (pain perception and stability of column). Results: The pain perception according VAS increased in the number of workers asymptomatic in 12% and based in the satisfaction survey 94% of population reported that with the development of this technique decrease the muscle fatigue in lumbar level; and 96% of population reported an improvement in the performance of their work activities. Discussion: Posterior to the analysis of all results, it is interpreted that back schools practice through CORE technique, contributes to the prevention and / or control of symptoms at the lumbar level in population of productive sector exposed to risks derived from the physical load, provided that ensure its continuously development and supervised for a competent professional.

México - Elecciones 2006 en México: del binomio autoritarismo-democracia a la discusión sobre políticas públicas

Este artículo analiza los cambios recientes en la competencia partidista en México, haciendo énfasis en la elección de julio de 2006 a través de la cual se elige presidente de la República y miembros del Congreso. Dicha elección muestra la transición de elecciones competitivas, concentradas en el binomio autoritarismodemocracia, a elecciones temáticas, de asuntos o issues, centradas en las propuestas de política pública de los candidatos a la presidencia y en las que los ciudadanos, asociaciones civiles y organizaciones no gubernamentales, entre otras, juegan un papel activo. Con ese fin en el artículo se expone primero un breve recuento de los ejes medulares de la actual competencia partidista como la última reforma electoral realizada para mover al sistema electoral hacia elecciones justas, libres y transparentes, los desafíos del sistema de partidos y elementos contextuales socioeconómicos y políticos relevantes. Se analiza en segundo término la evolución de la competitividad y los cambios en la estructura de la competencia, lo cual permite entender el tránsito a elecciones temáticas centradas en las propuestas de política pública de los candidatos. En tercer lugar se presentan las principales propuestas de los candidatos en áreas prioritarias y su evaluación. Finalmente se hace una reflexión de conjunto sobre el significado de esta elección, el contexto que domina la actual contienda por la presidencia y la incertidumbre y competitividad que la caracterizan.-----This paper analyses recent changes in Mexican political parties’ competition for national presidency, with an emphasis on July’s 2006 Congressional and Presidential elections. The latter revealed a transition from an old competitive ballot race focused on the antithetic duet authoritarianism-democracy, to what could be called topical elections, focused on issues concerning presidential candidates’ public policy proposals in which citizens, civil associations, and nongovernmental organizations, among other groups, play an active role. With this purpose in mind, the paper starts with a brief exposition of the parties’ core contentions, including debates such as that around the last election reform aiming at pushing the ballot system towards fairer and more transparent elections, the challenges ahead for the party system, and other relevant contextual, political and socio-economic issues. Secondly, the evolution of the new terms of the competition and its structural changes are examined, in order to better understand our main concern here, i.e., the transition to a topical election contest focused on candidates’ public policy proposals. Thirdly, the candidates’ main proposals in crucial priority areas are presented and assessed. Finally, a global reflection is made on the meaning of these elections, on the context that has prevailed alongside, and on the uncertainty and competitiveness that have characterized them.