Informal housing in the XXI century. Characteristics of the informal land and housing supply in Bogota during the first decade of the XXI century

This article characterizes the conditions of the informal land and housing supply during the first decade of the xxi century in Bogota, regarding magnitude and location of the informal urban growth (new occupations in the periphery and informal densification of consolidated areas), housing  conditions in recent occupations and the characteristics of the land market. The situation of the  last decade has been reconstructed based in aerial photography analysis, census data quantification  and data analysis from planning and control public entities. Results suggest that due to the relative  land scarcity in Bogotá, among other aspects, the informal market dynamics have experimented changes compared to previous decades, because the growth in consolidated urban areas becomes  more important than the informal urbanization of the peripheries, but at the same time informality  transcends the municipal perimeter to the neighboring municipalities.

Experiencias de estigma de enfermos mentales con trabajadores de la salud en Colombia

Los conceptos para la comprensión del estigma, inician con Goffman en los años sesenta, hasta los estudios de los noventa liderados la World Psychiatri Asociation (WPA). ¿Cómo se crea el estigma?, ¿cómo se difunde? y ¿que efectos tiene sobre los enfermos mentales, sus familias, la sociedad y los sistemas de salud?; es necesario caracterizarlas. Diferencias entre los países desarrollados y en vía de desarrollo, en las características del estigma, sus efectos y consecuencias se han observado; podrían explicarse por las diferencias socioculturales. Este artículo busca determinar cuáles y como son las experiencias que los pacientes mentales crónicos tienen con los trabajadores de la salud en siete regiones colombianas y que factores se encuentran asociados a éstas. Es uno de los objetivos específicos de un protocolo que evalúa otros aspectos del estigma; para la caracterización de las experiencias de estigma en Colombia. Se aplicó entrevista tipo encuesta (Inventario de Experiencias de Estigma), auto diligenciad, a quinientos pacientes de siete regiones del país; la cual se usa en investigaciones de la WPA. Se hallaron niveles bajos pero significativos, de experiencias de estigma con los trabajadores de la salud, se evidenció que la mayoría de experiencias están relacionadas con el llamado “estigma estructural”, de igual manera aparecen algunos factores asociados como el tipo de institución donde ha sido hospitalizado, el numero de hospitalizaciones, el tipo de persona con la que convive, y haber recurrido a la tutela, entre otros.

Advances and limitations in the attention to the problems of housing and urban land in Mexico. An approach from the legal-institutional frame

In this work we analyze the reforms carried out by the Mexican state in the nineties of the 20th century, in the items concerning the policies of housing and urban land, based on an exhaustive review of the main actions, programs and changes in the legal and institutional frame that applies for each of these fields. The nineties represent a "breaking point" in the way the State considers the satisfaction of the right to the housing and attends the offer of urbanized land for a tidy and sustainable urban development. In this period of time, the approach of direct intervention in developing and financing housing and creation of land reserves has changed into another one, ruled by the logic of the market. The balance to the first decade of the 21st century is ambiguous, as neither the housing policy has solved the housing shortage for low-income population, nor the land policy has eliminated the illegal urban growth.

Challenges of the accession of Turkey into the European Union

Turkey's accession to the European Union (EU) has become, over the years, one of the most contentious issues of European integration. On October 3rd 2005, the European Commission began negotiations for its accession, and, although they will probably not be completed within a decade, its objective is the full accession to the Union. Turkey's accession to the EU presents challenges for both parties, but especially for the European Union. There are very different challenges from the previous accessions, indeed. This work aims to analyze the challenges the EU will face towards Turkey's possible accession to the European Community. Therefore, this work has been divided into three sections. In the first of them, entitled "Brief history of a complex negotiation", the negotiation is briefly described. The second, "Aspects to take into account for Turkey's accession to the European Union", in which different relevant (geopolitical, economic and financial, demographic, cultural and religious) aspects of the possible a cession are discussed: aspects that will have an important impact in the development and performance of the European Community, once accession is fulfilled. The third and last section, "Turkey's incorporating challenges", discusses the challenges the EU will have to face with the potential accession of Turkey, specifically concerning four dimensions: institutional capacity, regional and cohesion policy, EU common security and foreign policy.