The recognition of rights to same-sex couples: the path towards a pluralistic concept of family

This paper presents the final results of the research project undertaken in 2010 and 2011 by the legal research group “Filius”, affiliated with Corporación Universitaria Empresarial Alexander von Humboldt of Armenia, (Quindío). The project’s general objective is “to establish the concept of family used by the Colombian legal system based on the judgments of the Constitutional Court granting rights to same-sex couples”. To this end, a line of jurisprudence was developed from the Court’s rulings that discussed the rights of same-sex couples, concluding that despite the great progress made in Colombia on the recognition of rights to these couples following Decision C-075/2007, in all these judgments the Court had always refused to recognize their family status, and it was not until 2011, in Decision C-577, that the Court accepted that same-sex couples constitute a family, thereby dramatically changing the constitutional doctrine that had maintained the criteria of heterosexuality as defining family.

Impacto de los factores interculturales en la implementación de un efectivo control de gestión en las organizaciones

Este trabajo pretende de una manera tanto teórica como práctica, estudiar la relación que pueda existir entre la interculturalidad y el Management Control System, para ello se realiza una revisión bibliográfica de los trabajos empíricos y teóricos desarrollados hasta el momento sobre el tema. Se comienza con la revisión de los diferentes conceptos que puedan hacer alusión a la interculturalidad, y los MCS (o contemple variables cercanas en relación a este), se delimita el tema y se procede a su clasificación hasta llegar a la estructuración de la definición de los constructos que integren los conceptos de interculturalidad y MCS. De igual manera, se operacionalizan las variables para poder generar un análisis practico utilizando estadística cuantitativa. Finalmente presentamos los resultados que demuestran el grado de importancia percibido por encuestados de filiales localizadas en diferentes países de Latino América de la empresa Agrocampo S.A.S, con el fin de presentar conclusiones que integren los dos temas de análisis.

Participación política a través de acciones constitucionales. Estudio de caso: matrimonio para personas del mismo sexo en Colombia

El interés de esta investigación se centra en analizar el rol protagónico que han adquirido las acciones constitucionales en la participación política de la comunidad LGTBI, encaminada a la aprobación del matrimonio igualitario en Colombia, a partir de la promulgación de la Constitución Política de 1991. Para este propósito, el estudio presenta un diagnóstico sobre las falencias y limitaciones que ha presentado la representación política y de los mecanismos de participación ciudadana para solventar las reivindicaciones de las parejas del mismo sexo. En consecuencia, la investigación evidencia de qué manera la sub-representación de los intereses de esta comunidad en el Congreso de la República y la sub-utilización de los mecanismos de participación política causadas por las deficiencias en su diseño e implementación, impulsaron a la población LGTBI y los defensores de sus derechos a canalizar su participación política a través de la presentación de acciones constitucionales.

Frequency of Low-level Mosaicism in X-Cromosome in Couples with Antecedent of Recurrent Miscarriages

Recurrent miscarriage occurs in around 1 to 7 percent of couples. The etiology involves genetic, immunologic, anatomic, hormonal, metabolic, thrombophilic and infectious factors. With the aim of establishing the frequency of low-level mosaicism in the X-chromosome, in a population of couples with prior recurrent miscarriages, a prospective case-control cytogenetic study took place on 20 couples, at the biogenetic laboratory in CECOLFES (Colombian Center of Fertility and Sterility). Clinical pathologic evaluation, anatomic, hormonal, infectious, andrologic and genetic studies were performed. As a conventional method in cytogenetic techniques, banding GTG was used for the study of structural and numeric chromosomal abnormalities whereas the molecular method of Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) was used to confirm the mosaicism in sexual chromosomes. According to paraclinic results from the participating couples, diagnosis showed immunologic (75%), anatomic (30%), hormonal (25%), male (25%), infectious (25%), genetic (15%) and idiophatic factors (10%). Results from the cytogenetic analysis, were 10% of low-level mosaicism in the X-chromosome in two women whose final diagnosis included genetic and infectious factors for one and genetic and immunologic factors for the other. Only 10 % of the total miscarriages from the couples were evaluated. Conclusions include aspects such as multifactorial evidence of pathogenesis in recurrent miscarriage, the sub-diagnosis of genetic factors and the need to focus future investigations on cytogenetic interpretation and the clinicalpathological association between low-level mosaicism in the X-cromosome and recurrent miscarriage.

Functional studies of the deubiquitinating enzymes USP19, USP4 and UCH-L1

El marcaje de proteínas con ubiquitina, conocido como ubiquitinación, cumple diferentes funciones que incluyen la regulación de varios procesos celulares, tales como: la degradación de proteínas por medio del proteosoma, la reparación del ADN, la señalización mediada por receptores de membrana, y la endocitosis, entre otras (1). Las moléculas de ubiquitina pueden ser removidas de sus sustratos gracias a la acción de un gran grupo de proteasas, llamadas enzimas deubiquitinizantes (DUBs) (2). Las DUBs son esenciales para la manutención de la homeostasis de la ubiquitina y para la regulación del estado de ubiquitinación de diferentes sustratos. El gran número y la diversidad de DUBs descritas refleja tanto su especificidad como su utilización para regular un amplio espectro de sustratos y vías celulares. Aunque muchas DUBs han sido estudiadas a profundidad, actualmente se desconocen los sustratos y las funciones biológicas de la mayoría de ellas. En este trabajo se investigaron las funciones de las DUBs: USP19, USP4 y UCH-L1. Utilizando varias técnicas de biología molecular y celular se encontró que: i) USP19 es regulada por las ubiquitin ligasas SIAH1 y SIAH2 ii) USP19 es importante para regular HIF-1α, un factor de transcripción clave en la respuesta celular a hipoxia, iii) USP4 interactúa con el proteosoma, iv) La quimera mCherry-UCH-L1 reproduce parcialmente los fenotipos que nuestro grupo ha descrito previamente al usar otros constructos de la misma enzima, y v) UCH-L1 promueve la internalización de la bacteria Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.

The Role of Kinaesthetic Motor Imagery in Promoting Activation of the Lumbrical Muscles in the Hemiparetic Hand: a Randomised Controlled Study

The objective of the investigation who gave as result this work was to investigate the effectiveness of kinaesthetic motor imagery in the activation of the hemiplegic hand muscles following stroke. The experiment consisted of two random groups. Movements were measured after treatment. The participants were ten patients with hemiplegic hands (men who mean age was 74.4 years; mean time since stroke 3.05 months). All patients received three sessions of physical treatment based on an identical treatment protocol. Five patients were randomly assigned to an experimental group practising kinaesthetic motor imagery of a grasp using the 'lumbrical action' (experimental group). The others five (control group) followed a relaxation script. All the patients were then asked to grasp an object using the 'lumbrical action'. The grasps were recorded using an optoelectronic motion capture system. The magnitude of the extension of the index finger and the correlation of the angular displacement of the proximal phalangeal joints and the metacarpophalangeal joints were calculated. The movement time for the whole grip was calculated. The experimental group demonstrated higher extension in the index finger (p = < 0.01) and they had a higher correlation coefficient (0.99) than the control group (0.77) for the displacement of the proximal interphalangeal joint and the metacarpophalangeal joints. The movement time for the experimental group was faster, although the difference was not significant.

The impact of a permanent Income shock on the situation of women in the household: the case of a pension reform in Argentina

Transfers to women may affect their bargaining power within the household and consequently their well-being. We analyze the effects of the 2004/2005 pension reform in Argentina, that resulted in an unexpected and substantial increase in permanent income for around 1.8 million women, on outcomes arguably related to women’s bargaining power within the household. We estimate the effects of the reform in the probability of divorce/separation, the distribution of household chores, and the probability of women being the head of the household, using a Difference-in-Differences approach. Our results show that despite the low divorce probability among seniors, transfers to senior women have substantial effects on their situation in the household. More specifically, we find that the reform had statistically significant effects on the probability of divorce/separation increasing it by 1.8 − 2.7 percentage points implying an increase of around 18 − 19% on the divorce/separation rate of 60 − 65 year old women. Moreover, the probability of being the head of the household also increased by 2.8−3.3 percentage points representing an increase of 7−19% in the probability amongst women of 60 − 65 years of age. In the case of married women, the probability of being the head of the household increased by 1.3 − 1.5 percentage points, which represents an increase of 20 − 22%. Results show that the distribution of household chores within the couples was also affected by the reform. More precisely, the probability that the wife is the only person in charge of the housework decreased by 5 percentage points, an 11% decrease. The participation of husbands in housework, however, did not change significantly.