Relación del burnout y el rendimiento académico con la satisfacción frente a los estudios en estudiantes universitarios

Los estudiantes se enfrentan cada vez más a retos y exigencias del medio que demandan una gran cantidad de recursos físicos y psicológicos de diversa índole. Muchos de ellos dejan sus estudios o disminuyen de manera considerable su rendimiento académico sin encontrar una explicación. Dos variables que han sido poco estudiadas en nuestro contexto y que pueden dar claridad a buena parte de esta situación son el burnout y la satisfacción. En esta investigación se estableció la relación del burnout, el rendimiento académico, con la satisfacción frente a los estudios en una muestra de 202 universitarios de la jornada nocturna de una universidad privada de Barranquilla, quienes respondieron el MBI-SS (Schaufeli, Martínez, Marques Pinto, Salanova, & Bakker, 2002). Los resultados indican correlaciones negativas entre agotamiento, cinismo, autoeficacia y rendimiento académico con la satisfacción frente al estudio, mientras que el vigor, dedicación y absorción se correlacionaron positivamente con esta. Por otro lado, el buen funcionamiento académico se correlaciona positivamente con las dimensiones del engagement y negativamente con el cinismo; de manera particular, ninguna de las variables se correlaciona con el agotamiento, a pesar de evidenciar cinismo y baja autoeficacia.

Nongenetic inheritance, linguistic competence, prenatal experience and behavior manipulation: recent contributions from behavioral neurobiology and neuropsychology to the explanation of behavior

This article gives an overview of presuppositions and explanations posed by behaviorist psychology (particularly its radical branch), cognitive–nativist sciences (i.e. psycholinguistics and a branch of cognitive psychology) and other disciplines regarding important psychological events such as anxiety, stress, fear, mood states and language. In relation to the discussion of environment versus genetics, contributions from behavioral neurobiology and neuropsychology are added, showing evidence of traits that can be multigenerationally inherited in a non-genetic way, which have an impact thought the life of organisms and on their way of interacting with the environment; ways in which behavior can be altered by recently unsuspected environmental agents or events, and the overlooked role of prenatal experiences in the explanation of behavior. The evidence calls into question presuppositions made by the academic disciplines listed above, and suggests alternative behavior reinterpretations and explanations

Emotional characteristics of psychology students: a study based on the formative research perspective

In the formative research scheme, the author built a psychological scale, with the purpose of analyzing psychological characteristics of the School of Psychology students. The instrument showed a high reliability coefficient (α=0,86), the exploratory factorial analysis found five variables which allowed to predict some aspects of sex and career level through a logistic regression; the ALSCAL showed two emotional dimensions. The author recommends to improve the instrument and to continue its application in the School. It is also necessary to develop qualitative research to acquire new data about the topic of the research.

A diabetes mellitus causa deterioro cognitivo em idosos? Um estudo de revisão

A Diabetes Mellitus (DM) refere-se a uma síndrome metabólica, com prejuízos físicos, sociais e psicológicos naqueles que a possuem. A doença tem um forte componente genético, e é subdividida em Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 (DM1), e Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 (DM2). A DM2 está associada a déficits funcionais e também cognitivos. Pesquisas revelam que as funções executivas dos idosos com DM encontram-se mais prejudicadas do que naqueles sem DM. Com o objetivo de aprofundar esta temática, esse estudo realiza uma revisão sistemática da literatura, através de publicações indexadas nos últimos oito anos, que abordam a relação entre DM2 e aspectos do deterioro cognitivo em idosos (flexibilidade cognitiva, flexibilidade mental e do pensamento e funções executivas). Nos estudos revisados, a maioria mostrou um grau de comprometimento relacionado com as funções cognitivas: flexibilidade do pensamento, atenção, memória de trabalho, sugerindo, inclusive, que a DM2 acelera o processo de deterioro, aumentando a possibilidade de desenvolvimento de demência. A prevalência de depressão é mais elevada em idosos com DM2, com comprometimento em muitas funções, além de outras complicações físicas identificadas. Os achados apontam para funcionamento cognitivo prejudicado em idosos com DM2, o que enfatiza a necessidade de desenvolvimento de programas de prevenção e intervenção.

TRATAMIENTO COGNITIVO-CONDUCTUAL DE LA SINTOMATOLOGÍA ASOCIADA A LA MENOPAUSIA

El cese definitivo de la menstruación se presenta asociado a una serie de síntomas físicos, psicológicos y sociales susceptibles de ser abordados mediante técnicas cognitivo conductuales. En el presente trabajo se presenta un programa de intervención basado en dichas técnicas. Treinta mujeres climatéricas siguieron este programa durante diez semanas. Los resultados indican que el programa consigue la reducción de los síntomas y la mejora de la calidad de vida.

Contribution from neuropsychology to the study of semantic memory

Semantic memory has been studied from various fields. The first models emerged from cognitive psychology from the hand of the division proposed by Tulving between semantic and episodic memory. Over the past thirty years there have been parallel developments in the fields of psycholinguistics, cognitive psychology and cognitive neuropsychology. The present work is to review the contributions that have emerged within the neuropsychology to the study of semantic memory and to present an updated overview of the points of consensus. First, it is defined the term "semantics" conceptually within the field of neuropsychology. Then, there is a dichotomy that passes through both psychological and neuropsychological models on semantic memory: the existence of modals versus amodal representations. Third, there are  developed the main theoretical models in neuropsychology that emerged in an attempt to explain categoryspecific semantic deficits. Finally, more robust contributions and points that still generate some discussion are reviewed.

Contribuciones teóricas de las investigaciones sobre la conciencia entre el 2000 y el 2012: una revisión

La conciencia constituye un tema central de la investigación y teorización psicológica desde su nacimiento. El presente artículo contiene la discusión teórica de una revisión sistemática en la que se analizaron 64 investigaciones cuyo tópico central era la conciencia. Como tópicos centrales se encuentran el debate sobre las metodologías más adecuadas para investigarla, su relación con otros procesos psicológicos, tanto al nivel de la conciencia del entorno como en el nivel de la autoconciencia, y la acumulación de datos que sugieren con claridad sus principales correlatos anatómicos.

Psicodiabetes

En este artículo se presenta un resumen breve sobre lo que es la diabetes, los tipos de diabetes y su tratamiento, y el rol de la psicología en el cuidado de la misma. Se revisará la literatura existente sobre la relación entre sufrir diabetes y la presencia de desórdenes psicológicos, tales como la depresión, la ansiedad y los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria.Además, se discutirán asuntos importantes que se deben considerar en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de desórdenes psicológicos en las personas adultas con diabetes, así como también recomendaciones clínicas e investigativas para el campo de la psicología de la salud en torno a esta enfermedad.

Identifying job skills in commercial advisors in a health insurance company

The aim of this research was to identify the criticalcompetence of success of the commercial adviserin a company providing insurance and health services.For this research a sample of 34 commercialadvisers. The sample was divided into four groups(two per product and two per criterion of success).Systematic fi eld observations, interviews of criticalincidents, application of response tests and salesworkshops were used to evaluate the differentialcompetences that the successful advisers wereshowing in relation to the advisers de fi ned as average.The success criteria were based on the generatedcommission performance over the 10 months. Allin all, signi fi cant differences were found betweenthe “successful” and “average” groups. Furthermore,competences that correlate positively with atop sales performance were observed and competencesthat have major level of discrimination betweenthe “successful” and “average” groups wereestablished. Orientation to achievement, planningand management, information search, commercialaggressiveness and strategic vision are the competencesthat were considered to be key in the topperformance of a sales agent or commercial adviser.Additionally, the results in the response testswere analyzed in the four study groups, withoutobserving signi fi cant differences between them,which supports the theoretical framework of thepresent study.

Bienestar psicológico y cáncer de mama

Se plantean los aspectos psicológicos más relevantes estudiados en las mujeres con cáncer de mama, tales como estilos de afrontamiento, preocupaciones, valoraciones de su enfermedad y efectos psicológicos del tratamiento. Se analizan los determinantes del bienestar psicológico de las pacientes, tales como la autoconfianza, la estabilidad emocional, la fortaleza, la afectividad positiva y la autoestima, así como el afrontamiento satisfactorio a situaciones de estrés, entre ellas al estrés de la enfermedad, y a los cambios que esta impone en el estilo de vida.Se considera en este análisis la influencia de determinadas variables sociodemográficas, así como de variables clínicas, que influyen en la calidad de vida y el bienestar de las pacientes con cáncer de mama. Se destaca la necesidad de que las estrategias de atención sanitaria a las pacientes con cáncer de mama incluyan elementos clínico-psicológicos que promuevan una mejoría del bienestar psicológico de estas mujeres.

Cultura y cognición. La naturaleza heterogénea del pensamiento

El trabajo que presentamos a continuación constituye una aproximación cultural al estudio de determinadas cuestiones básicas sobre la naturaleza del pensamiento humano. En concreto, estamos interesados en demostrar la estrecha relación existente entre escenarios de actividad, modos de discurso y tipos de pensamiento. Para ello, tomamos como modelo interpretativo la hipótesis de la heterogeneidad del pensamiento verbal y diseñamos una investigación en educación de adultos para constatar las hipótesis básicas de dicho modelo. Nuestras hipótesis quedaron corroboradas. Se constató que la escolarización influye en la elección de destrezas y recursos semióticos. Encontramos que las alumnas con mayor experiencia escolar usaron destrezas con una mayor planificación y recursos semióticos más descontextualizados. Por otro lado, obtuvimos evidencias para defender la heterogeneidad del pensamiento verbal. Los alumnas de pregraduados usaron recursos psicológicos asociados tanto al escenario cotidiano como al científico en función de cómo percibían las demandas de la tarea. Y, por último, las alumnas de pregraduado han transferido conceptos científicos hacia un escenario cotidiano. Esta transferencia es posible porque las alumnas de pregraduado han reconocido diferentes demandas en la tarea y han considerado la utilidad del uso de los conceptos científicos en un escenario cotidiano con estas restricciones

Children treated in psychoanalytical psychotherapy for learning problems

A clinical psychotherapy needs to turn its gaze to the current demands, and update its practice in empirical studies. The objective of this research is to ascertain the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of children treated in psychotherapy by learning problems. We conducted a retrospective documentary study with records of 2106 children treated between 1979 and 2007 in two outpatient psychological care of the city of Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. The results showed that demand for Learning Problems is the fourth largest cause of psychotherapeutic care. There was no statistically significant difference regarding gender. Children with learning problems come to psychotherapy more frequently in the early stages of elementary school, around 7 years old. Increased demand for psychotherapy of children with learning problems takes place in May. Perhaps, learning difficulties can be understood simultaneously as a symptom global, in which other aspects, besides the uniqueness of the subject are involved. We conclude that individual and social aspects involved in Learning Problems may be useful in the clinical management of these children by professionals who are dedicated to meeting this particular clientele. One must be aware of ongoing partnership which should be placed between psychologist and pedagogue. Both professionals, education and health, account for components of the child to know

Lessons in psychology – Colombia Nineteenth Century

Manuel Ancízar published in 1851 his Lectures on Psychology. The text has been a representative of the interests of Colombian intellectuals of the time for discipline. The treatise of the history of psychology Colombia have considered the nineteenth century as a period characterized by a poorly conceived attempt to import some emerging professional practices of psychiatric and educational type. However, the work of Ancízar showed large exhibition on the subject matter of psychology: human consciousness and the theories that support the formation of the new science. The core of the work is oriented towards the secular drama, against which Ancízar defended the supernatural origin and nature of the human soul. The author introduced an eclectic psychology in which, the secular orientation of modern ideas are integrated with the conception of the soul as a divine gift. The reading of the work has been outstanding and indispensable work for understanding ancient and autochthonous forms of access to psychological issues.

Aspectos psicopatológicos en la enfermedad de Crohn y en la colitis ulcerosa

Las enfermedades inflamatorias del intestino (EII) son trastornos crónicos que inflaman y destruyen el tejido intestinal de forma periódica y recurrente. Las EII se clasifican en dos tipos: enfermedad de Crohn (EC) y colitis ulcerosa (CU). La etiología tanto de la EC como de la CU es poco conocida y el curso está influido por múltiples factores de tipo biopsicosocial. Al respecto, diversas investigaciones están aportando evidencia de la implicación de factores psicológicos en el curso de las EII, tales como el estrés psicosocial, las estrategias de afrontamiento, las características de personalidad, los síntomas psicopatológicos y el apoyo social.

Quality of life and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

The Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) has a progressive and irreversible character and it’s associated to the triad of dyspnea, exercise limitation and the evident deterioration of quality of life. In the United States the prevalence of COPD in adult population is approximately of 6% in men, and 1 to 3% in women and it’s the fourth cause of mortality by no transmissible chronic diseases. In 1993, the National Health Interview Surgery considered that 12 millions of Americans suffer from chronic bronchitis and 2 million had emphysema. These two affections are responsible for more than 13% of the hospitalizations. As this affection progresses, patients experience a diminution in quality of life related to health (CVRS), their capacity to work get worse and their participation in physical and social activities reduces. Nevertheless, it has been confirmed that the isolated evaluation of COPD seriousness, defined by the reduction of the Forced Expiratory Volume in the First Second (FEV1), does not provide enough information to know the health state perceived by the patients. The fact that the CVRS is the result of the interaction of multiple physical, psychological and social factors, unique for each individual, can explain this finding. This paper is a general and updated approach to the integral handling of patients with COPD, and it discusses the concept of quality of life, related to health improvement.