Salud mental en niños en condición de desplazamiento en Colombia y su incidencia en políticas públicas

El conflicto armado en Colombia se presenta en zonas rurales y urbanas; sin embargo, en municipios y territorios distantes, el fenómeno del desplazamiento forzado incide en la vida de la población civil, planteando nuevos escenarios a nivel social. Por esta razón, hay impactos a nivel humanitario, social, económico, político, cultural y psicológico en las poblaciones más vulnerables, como lo son los niños desplazados; con importantes incidencias en salud pública, específicamente en salud mental. El propósito de este artículo de revisión es describir la situación actual de las condiciones de salud mental, desarrollar el concepto de resiliencia y describir la interacción que existe entre el trastorno de estrés postraumático de la primera infancia en condiciones de desplazamiento y la atención psicosocial en las políticas públicas para éste grupo poblacional. Teniendo en cuenta que en éste hecho social han intervenido organizaciones civiles, religiosas, no gubernamentales y estatales, se resalta la importancia de desarrollar un trabajo vinculante y cohesionado entre estas organizaciones.

Analizar las relaciones de cooperación entre la Organización de las Naciones Unidas y la Agencia Presidencial para la Acción Social y la Cooperación Internacional - Acción Social para la Construcción de Paz y Desarrollo Humano : estudio de caso: Art-Redes Nariño con enfoque de género en los años 2007- 2009

El conflicto armado ha generado diversas respuestas que en la mayoría de los casos son violentas pero paradójicamente en otros genera respuestas de tipo pacífico y de acciones colectivas como alternativas distintas a la violencia en medio del conflicto, en donde podemos identificar marchas, resistencias pacíficas, asociaciones, programas con alternativas de construcción de paz, inclusión de grupos excluídos, etc. Desde este último punto, se configura un escenario propicio para la participación e inclusión de actores y actoras sociales que comúnmente han sido marginadas o son víctimas, y con los cuales se promueve un escenario donde se fortalecen capacidades locales, se apoyan proyectos productivos, se configuran apuestas sociales, entre otras cosas. En ésta línea, es necesario blindar y apoyar este tipo de respuestas civiles no-violentas desde agencias nacionales, departamentales municipales e internacionales a través de la cooperación internacional que acompaña estos procesos para el diálogo y la concertación. Se promueven propuestas que vienen desde diferentes puntos cardinales direccionados hacia la construcción de paz, el desarrollo humano y la equidad de género en donde el gobierno y otras instituciones internacionales son garantes de las acciones encaminadas hacia estos propósitos.

The causes of illegal drug industry growth in the Andes, Anti-Drug Policies and their effectiveness

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Análisis del reclutamiento forzado a menores de edad en Colombia

Los menores de edad en Colombia han sido el blanco de los grupos como el ELN y las FARC quienes los reclutan con el fin de incrementar su esquema de lucha, esto gracias a que los niños son fácilmente amoldable a nuevas estructuras emocionales, sin contar que muchos de estos pequeños atraviesan por difíciles situaciones en sus hogares.

Conflict-induced poverty: Evidence from Colombia

En Colombia, la pobreza y el conflicto están estrechamente relacionados. Este estudio usa medidas de disuasión del gobierno como instrumentos de varias variables específicas de conflicto para estimar el impacto del conflicto sobre la pobreza en Colombia. Usando datos del censo a nivel municipal para el año 2005, evalúo el efecto sobre la incidencia urbana y rural del recientemente-desarrollado Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional. Los resultados sugieren que el conflicto aumenta significativamente la pobreza rural. Esto es consistente con el hecho que la mayor parte del conflicto en Colombia ocurre en las áreas rurales. También evalúo el efecto rezagado del conflicto en la pobreza para concluir que éste dura por al menos tres años pero que decae en el tiempo. Finalmente, pruebo que mis resultados son robustos a una batería de especificaciones adicionales, incluyendo una versión modificada de mi variable dependiente y el uso de una base alternativa de conflicto.

Sexual Violence Against Women as a Strategy to Dispossess Land in the Colombian Armed Conflict

This article reviews the evidence collected by diverse national and international organizations regarding the relationship between sexual violence against women, forced displacement, and dispossession in the context of the Colombian armed conflict. To this end, it uses the concept of “sexual violence regimes” to highlight that the endspursued by sexual violence are not always exhausted by simple consummation (that is, the act of sexual violence itself), but depending on the context, can be connected with broader strategic goals of armed actors. At the same time, this document admits the difficulty of proving this relationship with respect to judicial procedures, and thus sets out the possibility of creating a rebuttable presumption, in the framework of “unconstitutional state of affairs” created by judgment T-025 of 2004, that alleviates the burden of proof of the victims, and serves as a catalyst to promote new genderbased mechanisms of reparations.

The project of land restitution in Colombia: an illustration of the civilizing force of hypocrisy?

This article offers a theoretical interpretation of the dispositions on land restitution contained in the famous “Victims’ Bill”, which was debated in the Colombian Congress during the year 2008. The bill included specific mechanisms aimed at guaranteeing the restitution of land to victims of the Colombian armed conflict. At the time, the bill was endorsed by all the main political actors in the country –notably the government and the elites that support it, on the one hand, and victims’ and human rights organizations and other opposition groups, on the other–. The fact that the restitution of land to victims of the Colombian armed conflict was being considered as a serious possibility by all political actors in the country seemed to indicate the existence of a consensus among actors whose positions are ordinarily opposed, on an issue that has traditionally led to high levels of polarization. This consensus is quite puzzling, because it seems to be at odds with the interests and/or the conceptions of justice advocated by these political actors, and because the restitution of land faces enormous difficulties both from a factual and a normative point of view, which indicates that it may not necessarily be the best alternative for dealing with the issue of land distribution in Colombia. This article offers an interpretation of said consensus, arguing that it is only an apparent consensus in which the actors are actually misrepresenting their interests and conceptions of justice, while at the same time adopting divergent strategies of implementation aimed at fulfilling their true interests. Nevertheless, the article concludes that the common adherence by all actors to the principle of restorative justice might bring about its actual realization, and thus produce an outcome that, in spite (and perhaps even because) of being unintended, might substantively contribute to solving the problem of unequal land distribution in Colombia. Even though the article focuses in some detail on the specificities of the 2008 Bill, it attempts to make a general argument about the state of the discussion on how to deal with the issue of land distribution in the country. Consequently, it may still be relevant today, especially considering that a new Bill on land restitution is currently being discussed in Congress, which includes the same restitution goals as the Victims’ Bill and many of its procedural and substantive details, and which therefore seems to reflect a similar consensus to the one analyzed in the article.

Academic stress in master’s students and its modulatory variables: a between-groups design

The present investigation tries to establish the descriptive profile of the academic stress of the students of the masters in education and to identify which sociodemographic and situational variables play a modulator role. This investigation is based on the Person-Surroundings Research Program and the systemical cognitive model of academic stress. The study can be characterized as transectional, correlational and non experimental. The collection of the information was made through the SISCO inventory of Academic Stress which was applied to 152 students. The main results suggest that 95% of the master students report having felt academic stress a few times but with medium-high intensity. Variables gender, civil state, attending masters and institutional support of the attending masters act as modulators in academic stress.

Diagnostic Related Groups (drgs): Resourceful tools for financial crisis times?

This document is intended to be read by the Colombian Ministry of Social Protection (former MoH) and includes some recommendations that could be implemented on the aim to increase allocative efficiency, thus improving macroeconomic performance of the Colombian Health System (CHS). It will be conducted as follows: first it will briefly review the background and actual context of the CHS, after this, will mention some related issues that justify a policy intervention on strategic purchasing to promote long run sustainability and hopefully the future attainment of major goals such as universal coverage and quality improvement. After prioritizing the main financial threats to the system, based on findings from literature review from countries that have successfully implemented similar policies, this paper will make some policy recommendations on regards especially to inpatient health care services in Colombia.

Los cerramientos ilegales en Bogotá

Una de las problemáticas más singulares que se presentan en la actualidad urbana es la individualidad de los ciudadanos. Esta tendencia también se manifiesta mediante la reciente preferencia de los ciudadanos por nuevos tipos de viviendas, delimitadas por barreras físicas y habitadas por colectivos relativamente homogéneos. Se trata de territorios denominados “conjuntos cerrados” que se han convertido en un tema relevante para entender a la ciudad como un fenómeno de la realidad contemporánea. En Bogotá se presenta esta situación; sin embargo, este artículo no se reduce a  estudiarlas. En un sentido más amplio, busca adentrarse en la problemática socio-espacial del fenómeno urbano mediante el análisis del “uso indebido del cerramiento”. Esta práctica es contrastada con el desarrollo del espacio público de Bogotá durante los últimos tres lustros. El planteamiento general busca analizar esta tensión real y simbólica. Finalmente, debe resaltarse la recurrencia a las querellas como unidad de medición cuantitativa  la cual permite hacer procesos comparativos de  tipo social y espacial. Este método puede aportar mecanismos útiles para la comprensión de esta y otras realidades urbanas.

The Proliferation of Paramilitary Groups in Southern Mexico: State Strategy or Struggle between Local Political Elites?

This study traces the origins of Mexican paramilitary groups and argues that, contrary to what most of the literature on the subject implies, they do not represent a state strategy to thwart leftist groups seeking social change. Rather, they represent battles between groups of national and local-level elites with different visions of democracy and of what constitutes good governance. The polarization inherent in this type of conflict leads local actors to have to side with one faction of elites or the other. The presence of radical leftist groups in recently colonized indigenous areas with scant state presence gives rise to a process of radicalization among local elites. There are multiple factors that explain the emergence of paramilitary groups. Aside from the post Cold War international context, there were national factors like a shift in its focus away from security matters between 1989 and 1993, and presidential policies between 1968 and 1993, that planted the seeds of leftist radicalism in a context of id modernization

The Demobilization Process of Paramilitaries in Colombia: Between Politics and Justice

The phenomenon of paramilitarism in Colombia has received an ambiguous treatment, balancing between political and criminal issues; an oscillation that has been intimately linked to the evolution of the Colombian internal conflict. This contribution analyzes the recent negotiations held with paramilitary groups by the administration of Alvaro Uribe Vélez (2002-2010). After a brief account of the dependency path that has determined this historical episode, I propose an assessment of the use of judicial categories by the various actors of the negotiations. The main argument is that those categories –war criminal, political criminal, drug smuggler, etc.– do not depend on the intrinsic nature of an armed actor, but are socially constructed by a conflictive process of material and symbolic struggles. The capacity to categorize private violence, as legitimate or illegitimate, political or criminal, appears as one of the basic manifestations of the state’s action, as well as one of the main conflicts presiding at the rocess of state formation.

Política exterior de Canadá en el ártico: entre la seguridad nacional y la prosperidad económica (2006-2011)

En el año 2010 el gobierno de Canadá pública su estrategia de política exterior hacia el Ártico, en la cual manifiesta que esta región es una de las principales prioridades del Gobierno de Stephen Harper en materia de política exterior. Así las cosas, a partir de la perspectiva teórica del realismo neoclásico la investigación se enfoca en analizar por qué la seguridad nacional y la prosperidad económica son los principales intereses de este Gobierno en la zona.

Publicness of goods and violent conflict : evidence from Colombia

How the degree of publicness of goods affect violent conflict? Based on the theoretical model in Esteban and Ray (2001) we find that the effect of the degree of publicness depends on the group size. When the group is small (large), the degree of publicness increases (decreases) the likelihood of conflict. This opens an empirical question that we tackle using microdata from the Colombian conflict at the municipality level. We use three goods with different publicness degree to identify the sign of the effect of publicness on conflict. These goods are coca crops (private good), road density (public good subject to congestion) and average education quality (a purer public good). After dealing with endogeneity issues using an IV approach, we find that the degree of publicness reduces the likelihood of both paramilitary and guerrilla attacks. Moreover, coca production exacerbates conflict and the provision of both public goods mitigates conflict. These results are robust to size, geographical, and welfare controls. Policies that improve public goods provision will help to fight the onset of conflict.

Conflict and negotiation: a game theoretical approach

We study economic conflicts using a game theoretical approach. We model a conflict between two agents where each one has two possible strategies: cease-fire or neglect the truce. Under this setting, we use the concept of pre-donations, namely, a redefinition of the game where agents commit to transfer a share of their output to the other agent (Sertel, 1992), and explain under which conditions a system of pre-donations can facilitate a truce. We find that for conflicts involving high costs there is a distributive mechanism, acceptable for both parties, such that, the best strategy for both parties is Cease-Fire. However, in many cases there are no sufficient conditions for the scheme or pre-donations to be effective. We also analyze some limitations of this framework and extend the model in order to deal with some of these flaws. Finally, in order to illustrate the relevance of the theoretical results we briefly describe some of the circumstances that characterized the negotiation processes between the Colombian government and different illegal groups.