Cobertura y acceso de la población trabajadora, a los programas de promoción y prevención del sistema general de riesgos laborales en Colombia, a través de las administradoras de riesgos laborales (ARL)

El Ministerio de Trabajo mediante un estudio de Promoción y prevención en riesgos profesionales, realizado en el año 2002, en 120 empresas de Bogotá y Valle del Cauca a través de la Primera Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Salud y Trabajo en el Sistema General de Riesgos Profesionales, realizada en el año 2007 y la Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo en el Sistema General de Riesgos Laborales, llevada a cabo en el año 2013; ha querido dar a conocer el desarrollo de este tema, con el objeto de verificar la ejecución en las prestaciones asistenciales y económicas procuradas al trabajador, la viabilidad financiera del Sistema General de Riesgos laborales, las investigaciones realizadas y los programas que han sido implementados frente a los factores de riesgo a los que se encuentra expuesta esta población. Estas encuestas se han realizado con el fin, de favorecer al Sistema General de Riesgos Laborales en su desarrollo y crecimiento, a la par de servir como una herramienta en la que se establezcan los lineamientos para analizar la información recolectada, que permita diseñar planes de restructuración y mejoramiento, entre los que se encuentran los programas de promoción y prevención de salud y seguridad en el trabajo. Este documento propone realizar un análisis sistemático basado en la evidencia, que permita definir la información existente respecto a los programas de promoción y prevención implementados por el sistema, para disminuir los riesgos en los que se encuentra la población trabajadora en Colombia.

Bilateral trade between New Zealand & the pacific alliance: perspectives and possibilities for further trade engagement

Due to the rapid and effective success of countries in the Pacific Rim for the last two decades, current world trade attention has been focussed on what appears to be the common vision of the ‘Pacific Century’. Reducing attention from the Atlantic and focusing it on the Pacific represents a new challenge for countries touching this ocean. The main Latin American economies bordering the pacific have taken upon this challenge with the creation of the Pacific Alliance in 2011. In this way, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru intend to penetrate and increase trade with the region by forming a coalition. The Pacific Alliance has attracted international attention, interest and support from nations around the world, counting 32 countries as observers; 7 are actually located in the region and six of them rank amongst the Top 15 world economies. As is expected, the possibility of closer trade engagement with big players such as China, India, Japan, South Korea or Australia absorb the main attention of media, governments and academics alike, leaving behind other feasible and possible opportunities unattended. That is precisely the case of New Zealand and its favourable commerce opportunities with the Pacific Alliance. The following document will study the major trends and variations in trade between New Zealand, the Pacific Alliance and its members between 2010 and 2014. Proving that mutual trade is most likely to keep on growing.

Stock return comovements and integration within the Latin American integrated market

Financial integration has been pursued aggressively across the globe in the last fifty years; however, there is no conclusive evidence on the diversification gains (or losses) of such efforts. These gains (or losses) are related to the degree of comovements and synchronization among increasingly integrated global markets. We quantify the degree of comovements within the integrated Latin American market (MILA). We use dynamic correlation models to quantify comovements across securities as well as a direct integration measure. Our results show an increase in comovements when we look at the country indexes, however, the increase in the trend of correlation is previous to the institutional efforts to establish an integrated market in the region. On the other hand, when we look at sector indexes and an integration measure, we find a decreased in comovements among a representative sample of securities form the integrated market.

Network externalities across financial institutions

We propose and estimate a financial distress model that explicitly accounts for the interactions or spill-over effects between financial institutions, through the use of a spatial continuity matrix that is build from financial network data of inter bank transactions. Such setup of the financial distress model allows for the empirical validation of the importance of network externalities in determining financial distress, in addition to institution specific and macroeconomic covariates. The relevance of such specification is that it incorporates simultaneously micro-prudential factors (Basel 2) as well as macro-prudential and systemic factors (Basel 3) as determinants of financial distress. Results indicate network externalities are an important determinant of financial health of a financial institutions. The parameter that measures the effect of network externalities is both economically and statistical significant and its inclusion as a risk factor reduces the importance of the firm specific variables such as the size or degree of leverage of the financial institution. In addition we analyze the policy implications of the network factor model for capital requirements and deposit insurance pricing.