Un Recurs per a l'aprenentatge autònom dels procediments matemàtics a l'assignatura de comptabilitat

L’objectiu principal de la present comunicació és mostrar el funcionament d’un recurs de reforç de principis matemàtics creat a la Facultat de Ciències Econòmiques i Empresarials de la Universitat de Girona amb la finalitat de: a) millorar l’activitat docent en l’ensenyament, b) centrar l’ensenyament en l’alumne, c) augmentar la capacitat d’aprenentatge autònom dels alumnes, d) potenciar l’autoestima en els alumnes, e) reforçar l’autogestió de l’aprenentatge de coneixements de principis, f) ajudar a determinar les hores de treball autònom de l’alumne necessàries per dominar procediments matemàtics bàsics

Predicting random level and seasonality of hotel prices. A structural equation growth curve approach

This article examines the effect on price of different characteristics of holiday hotels in the sun-and-beach segment, under the hedonic function perspective. Monthly prices of the majority of hotels in the Spanish continental Mediterranean coast are gathered from May to October 1999 from the tour operator catalogues. Hedonic functions are specified as random-effect models and parametrized as structural equation models with two latent variables, a random peak season price and a random width of seasonal fluctuations. Characteristics of the hotel and the region where they are located are used as predictors of both latent variables. Besides hotel category, region, distance to the beach, availability of parking place and room equipment have an effect on peak price and also on seasonality. 3- star hotels have the highest seasonality and hotels located in the southern regions the lowest, which could be explained by a warmer climate in autumn

Maria Antònia Canals. El GAMAR, l'experiència de tocar les matemàtiques

El reglets de Maria Antònia Canals són unes caixes plenes de peces de fusta. N'hi ha de diferent mida i color. La combinació de les peces proporciona la possibilitat de resoldre problemes matemàtics sense escriure cap número: l'experiència de tocar la matemàtica. La professora Canals els té a disposició dels mestres al seu despatx del Gabinet de Materials i de Recerca per a la Matemàtica a l'Escola (GAMAR)

Spatial Analysis of Cell Composition Data

A version of Matheron’s discrete Gaussian model is applied to cell composition data. The examples are for map patterns of felsic metavolcanics in two different areas. Q-Q plots of the model for cell values representing proportion of 10 km x 10 km cell area underlain by this rock type are approximately linear, and the line of best fit can be used to estimate the parameters of the model. It is also shown that felsic metavolcanics in the Abitibi area of the Canadian Shield can be modeled as a fractal

Thermodynamics and log–contrast analysis in fluid geochemistry

There are two principal chemical concepts that are important for studying the natural environment. The first one is thermodynamics, which describes whether a system is at equilibrium or can spontaneously change by chemical reactions. The second main concept is how fast chemical reactions (kinetics or rate of chemical change) take place whenever they start. In this work we examine a natural system in which both thermodynamics and kinetic factors are important in determining the abundance of NH+4 , NO−2 and NO−3 in superficial waters. Samples were collected in the Arno Basin (Tuscany, Italy), a system in which natural and antrophic effects both contribute to highly modify the chemical composition of water. Thermodynamical modelling based on the reduction-oxidation reactions involving the passage NH+4 -> NO−2 -> NO−3 in equilibrium conditions has allowed to determine the Eh redox potential values able to characterise the state of each sample and, consequently, of the fluid environment from which it was drawn. Just as pH expresses the concentration of H+ in solution, redox potential is used to express the tendency of an environment to receive or supply electrons. In this context, oxic environments, as those of river systems, are said to have a high redox potential because O2 is available as an electron acceptor. Principles of thermodynamics and chemical kinetics allow to obtain a model that often does not completely describe the reality of natural systems. Chemical reactions may indeed fail to achieve equilibrium because the products escape from the site of the rection or because reactions involving the trasformation are very slow, so that non-equilibrium conditions exist for long periods. Moreover, reaction rates can be sensitive to poorly understood catalytic effects or to surface effects, while variables as concentration (a large number of chemical species can coexist and interact concurrently), temperature and pressure can have large gradients in natural systems. By taking into account this, data of 91 water samples have been modelled by using statistical methodologies for compositional data. The application of log–contrast analysis has allowed to obtain statistical parameters to be correlated with the calculated Eh values. In this way, natural conditions in which chemical equilibrium is hypothesised, as well as underlying fast reactions, are compared with those described by a stochastic approach

Compositional Time Series: An Application

The composition of the labour force is an important economic factor for a country. Often the changes in proportions of different groups are of interest. I this paper we study a monthly compositional time series from the Swedish Labour Force Survey from 1994 to 2005. Three models are studied: the ILR-transformed series, the ILR-transformation of the compositional differenced series of order 1, and the ILRtransformation of the compositional differenced series of order 12. For each of the three models a VAR-model is fitted based on the data 1994-2003. We predict the time series 15 steps ahead and calculate 95 % prediction regions. The predictions of the three models are compared with actual values using MAD and MSE and the prediction regions are compared graphically in a ternary time series plot. We conclude that the first, and simplest, model possesses the best predictive power of the three models

A new distribution on the simplex containing the Dirichlet family

The Dirichlet family owes its privileged status within simplex distributions to easyness of interpretation and good mathematical properties. In particular, we recall fundamental properties for the analysis of compositional data such as closure under amalgamation and subcomposition. From a probabilistic point of view, it is characterised (uniquely) by a variety of independence relationships which makes it indisputably the reference model for expressing the non trivial idea of substantial independence for compositions. Indeed, its well known inadequacy as a general model for compositional data stems from such an independence structure together with the poorness of its parametrisation. In this paper a new class of distributions (called Flexible Dirichlet) capable of handling various dependence structures and containing the Dirichlet as a special case is presented. The new model exhibits a considerably richer parametrisation which, for example, allows to model the means and (part of) the variance-covariance matrix separately. Moreover, such a model preserves some good mathematical properties of the Dirichlet, i.e. closure under amalgamation and subcomposition with new parameters simply related to the parent composition parameters. Furthermore, the joint and conditional distributions of subcompositions and relative totals can be expressed as simple mixtures of two Flexible Dirichlet distributions. The basis generating the Flexible Dirichlet, though keeping compositional invariance, shows a dependence structure which allows various forms of partitional dependence to be contemplated by the model (e.g. non-neutrality, subcompositional dependence and subcompositional non-invariance), independence cases being identified by suitable parameter configurations. In particular, within this model substantial independence among subsets of components of the composition naturally occurs when the subsets have a Dirichlet distribution

Mixing compositions and other scales

Theory of compositional data analysis is often focused on the composition only. However in practical applications we often treat a composition together with covariables with some other scale. This contribution systematically gathers and develop statistical tools for this situation. For instance, for the graphical display of the dependence of a composition with a categorical variable, a colored set of ternary diagrams might be a good idea for a first look at the data, but it will fast hide important aspects if the composition has many parts, or it takes extreme values. On the other hand colored scatterplots of ilr components could not be very instructive for the analyst, if the conventional, black-box ilr is used. Thinking on terms of the Euclidean structure of the simplex, we suggest to set up appropriate projections, which on one side show the compositional geometry and on the other side are still comprehensible by a non-expert analyst, readable for all locations and scales of the data. This is e.g. done by defining special balance displays with carefully- selected axes. Following this idea, we need to systematically ask how to display, explore, describe, and test the relation to complementary or explanatory data of categorical, real, ratio or again compositional scales. This contribution shows that it is sufficient to use some basic concepts and very few advanced tools from multivariate statistics (principal covariances, multivariate linear models, trellis or parallel plots, etc.) to build appropriate procedures for all these combinations of scales. This has some fundamental implications in their software implementation, and how might they be taught to analysts not already experts in multivariate analysis

Modelling of Mercury’s surface composition and remote detection from the orbit with the BepiColombo Mercury Planetary Orbiter

It can be assumed that the composition of Mercury’s thin gas envelope (exosphere) is related to the composition of the planets crustal materials. If this relationship is true, then inferences regarding the bulk chemistry of the planet might be made from a thorough exospheric study. The most vexing of all unsolved problems is the uncertainty in the source of each component. Historically, it has been believed that H and He come primarily from the solar wind, while Na and K originate from volatilized materials partitioned between Mercury’s crust and meteoritic impactors. The processes that eject atoms and molecules into the exosphere of Mercury are generally considered to be thermal vaporization, photonstimulated desorption (PSD), impact vaporization, and ion sputtering. Each of these processes has its own temporal and spatial dependence. The exosphere is strongly influenced by Mercury’s highly elliptical orbit and rapid orbital speed. As a consequence the surface undergoes large fluctuations in temperature and experiences differences of insolation with longitude. We will discuss these processes but focus more on the expected surface composition and solar wind particle sputtering which releases material like Ca and other elements from the surface minerals and discuss the relevance of composition modelling

Implementació logística pel projecte Peccata Mundi

Peccata Mundi arrenca de la iniciativa del director de R+D+I de l'empresa Mas Parés, Jaume Juher, i l’artista plàstic Jaume Xifra, que l’any 2004 van decidir sumar a l’amistat que els uneix un objectiu: convergir en un sol projecte els reptes professionals que es plantejaven individualment des de cadascuna de les seves disciplines: l’art i la investigació gastronòmica. Posteriorment, a l'any 2005, s'incorporen al projecte els experts que constitueixen actualment el nucli central de treball: Josep Bel, expert en anàlisi sensorial i aplicació d'aromes; David Juher, matemàtic i professor de la UdG; Xavier de Palau, músic electrònic; Clara Perxachs, investigadora de la cultura del menjar; i Toni Botella, cuiner. A l'experiència gastronòmico-artística Peccata Mundi el participant tasta un seguit de plats i vins i valora les seves percepcions contestant un qüestionari. Les dades d'aquest qüestionari s'utilitzen, a través d'unes transformacions regides per criteris neurològics, matemàtics, antropològics, etc., per produir unes dades numèriques que seran l'entrada a una aplicació que les farà servir per generar un vídeo amb música d'una durada aproximadament de 2 minuts. Aquest vídeo, que consta d'imatges fractals en moviment i d'una música de fons, generada també utilitzant funcions de comportament caòtic, és el retrat audiovisual de l'experiència sensorial del participant. El projecte consisteix a implementar tota la logística informàtica de l’experiència sensorial Peccata Mundi: dissenyar les aplicacions d'entrada de dades, tractament de la base de dades, processament de les dades del qüestionari, generació del vídeo i la música i producció de l'arxiu audiovisual que finalment el participant s'emporta gravat en suport DVD

Fonaments d'una plataforma digital universitària lliure com a reforç en l'aprenentatge de les matemàtiques

El canvi cap a un paradigma d’ensenyament centrat en l’alumne ha incrementat el debat dels processos d’ensenyament i d’aprenentatge. En aquest marc de treball, el debat originat en torn de si un alumne universitari disposa dels suficients recursos per repassar autònomament principis matemàtics bàsics no ofereix una resposta gens clara. I aquesta resposta és important, especialment en les titulacions on les matemàtiques s’utilitzen principalment com a eina de modelatge, tal i com succeeix en les titulacions impartides en la Facultat de Ciències Econòmiques i Empresarials(FCEE) de la Universitat de Girona(UdG). L’equip docent en Matemàtiques per a l’Economia de la UdG està duent a terme la construcció d’un recurs que intenta fomentar el treball continu de les lleis matemàtiques. Aquesta eina didàctica tecnològica, anomenada plataforma virtual universitària lliure, neix de l’aplicació a les plataformes universitàries de les idees aportades pels corrents de ideologia lliure, com són la famosa enciclopèdia digital Wikipedia o el projecte gnui. La plataforma virtual universitària lliure és un recurs tecnològic format per la combinació de dos recursos independents habituals en tota plataforma universitària, com són un servidor d’arxius ftp i una eina d’avaluació, amb una estructura de funcionament modelada per les següents condicions: 1) Tota llei matemàtica de qualsevol assignatura de les titulacions impartides en la FCEE de la UdG pot ser treballada en el recurs. 2) Només les lleis matemàtiques podran ser treballades en el recurs. 3) El recurs ha de facilitar als alumnes el llistat de lleis que ha de dominar en una assignatura qualsevol. 4) El recurs ha de facilitar als alumnes material de treball per a una llei d’un llistat. 5) Només les lleis que surtin en un llistat poden contenir materials de treball. 6) Tots els alumnes de la FCEE de la UdG poden entrar al recurs. 7) Tots els professors de la FCEE de la UdG poden crear o modificar qualsevol arxiu o prova d’avaluació. 8) Només els professors de la FCEE de la UdG poden crear o modificar arxius o proves d’avaluació. 9) El recurs d’avaluació ha de proporcionar a un alumne informació immediata sobre el coneixement actual de les lleis d’un llistat. 10) Els enunciats dels exercicis de lleis dels materials de treball sempre han d’anar acompanyats amb la solució corresponent. 11) Tot enunciat d’un exercici de llei ha de tenir associat un exemple completament resolt

Progress in front propagation research

We review the progress in the field of front propagation in recent years. We survey many physical, biophysical and cross-disciplinary applications, including reduced-variable models of combustion flames, Reid's paradox of rapid forest range expansions, the European colonization of North America during the 19th century, the Neolithic transition in Europe from 13 000 to 5000 years ago, the description of subsistence boundaries, the formation of cultural boundaries, the spread of genetic mutations, theory and experiments on virus infections, models of cancer tumors, etc. Recent theoretical advances are unified in a single framework, encompassing very diverse systems such as those with biased random walks, distributed delays, sequential reaction and dispersion, cohabitation models, age structure and systems with several interacting species. Directions for future progress are outlined

Integro-difference equations for interacting species and the Neolithic transition

We introduce a set of sequential integro-difference equations to analyze the dynamics of two interacting species. Firstly, we derive the speed of the fronts when a species invades a space previously occupied by a second species, and check its validity by means of numerical random-walk simulations. As an example, we consider the Neolithic transition: the predictions of the model are consistent with the archaeological data for the front speed, provided that the interaction parameter is low enough. Secondly, an equation for the coexistence time between the invasive and the invaded populations is obtained for the first time. It agrees well with the simulations, is consistent with observations of the Neolithic transition, and makes it possible to estimate the value of the interaction parameter between the incoming and the indigenous populations

Fronts from integrodifference equations and persistence effects on the Neolithic transition

We extend a previous model of the Neolithic transition in Europe [J. Fort and V. Méndez, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 867 (1999)] by taking two effects into account: (i) we do not use the diffusion approximation (which corresponds to second-order Taylor expansions), and (ii) we take proper care of the fact that parents do not migrate away from their children (we refer to this as a time-order effect, in the sense that it implies that children grow up with their parents, before they become adults and can survive and migrate). We also derive a time-ordered, second-order equation, which we call the sequential reaction-diffusion equation, and use it to show that effect (ii) is the most important one, and that both of them should in general be taken into account to derive accurate results. As an example, we consider the Neolithic transition: the model predictions agree with the observed front speed, and the corrections relative to previous models are important (up to 70%)

Modalitat de batxillerat i rendiment en les assignatures metodològiques dels estudiants universitaris de Psicologia

Els plans d’estudis corresponents a la carrera de Psicologia arreu de tot l’estat inclouen matèries troncals sobre metodologia de la recerca que donen lloc a assignatures com Estadística i Mètodes Quantitatius d’Investigació. Paradoxalment és possible accedir a aquests estudis sense haver cursat cap assignatura relacionada amb les matemàtiques des de l’Ensenyament Secundari Obligatori. Els estudiants que no han cursat assignatures amb continguts matemàtics no només saben menys sobre aquesta matèria, sinó que també poden estar menys motivats per adquirir nous coneixements sobre ella. En aquest treball es vol conèixer quina és l’opció cursada majoritàriament pels estudiants que accedeixen a la carrera de Psicologia de la UdG. A més es pretén comparar el rendiment acadèmic d’aquests estudiants en dues assignatures que en tot o en part tenen continguts matemàtics: Mètodes i dissenys d’investigació en Psicologia I i Estadística aplicada a la Psicologia, segons l’opció de batxillerat cursada. La mostra està formada pels estudiants matriculats als estudis de Psicologia de la UdG des del curs acadèmic 2003-2004 fins al 2006-07. Els resultats indiquen que la major part dels estudiants de Psicologia procedeixen de les opcions de batxillerat en Humanitats i en Ciències Socials. A més, s’observa que el rendiment acadèmic en aquestes dues assignatures dels estudiants procedents de les opcions de batxillerat Científico-tècnica, Ciències de la Salut i Ciències Socials és millor que el dels estudiants procedents de les opcions d’Humanitats i Arts tant pel que fa a les qualificacions obtingudes, com als percentatges de no presentats a les convocatòries oficials. Es discuteix la conveniència d’orientar adequadament als estudiants abans d’iniciar el batxillerat per tal que puguin triar l’opció que més s’adeqüi a la carrera que volen cursar a fi de millorar el seu rendiment i la seva motivació pels estudis