Phase modulation of microwave signals using point contact Germanium signal diodes

A forward - biased point contact germanium signal diode placed inside a waveguide section along the E -vector is found to introduce significant phase shift of microwave signals . The usefulness of the arrangement as a phase modulator for microwave carriers is demonstrated. While there is a less significant amplitude modulation accompanying phase modulation , the insertion losses are found to be negligible. The observations can be explained on the basis of the capacitance variation of the barrier layer with forward current in the diode

Pulse Wave Propagating in Coplanar Waveguides (cPWS) on LTCC Substrates

The propagation of pulse waves in coplanar waveguides (CPWs) is investigated, and these CPWs are assumed to be fabricated on a single -layer low- temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) substrate. The input pulse wave can be a Gaussian pulse or a sinusoldally modulated Gaussian pulse. Based on the standard Galerkin 's method in the spectral domain, combined with fast Fourier transform (FFT), the pulse waveform and delay in CPWs are demonstrated and compared for a second plate, oriented orthogonally to the primary planar element, thus producing a crossed planar monopole (CPM), which is simpler to produce and has lower cost than a conical monopole. In this paper, further measurements have been made on this element

Non-invasive Studies on Age Related Parameters Using a Blood Volume Pulse Sensor

A non-invasive technique is implemented to measure a parameter which is closely related to the distensibility of large arteries, using the second derivative of the infrared photoplethysmographic waveform. Thirty subjects within the age group of 20-61 years were involved in this pilot study. Two new parameters, namely the area of the photoplethysmographic waveform under the systolic peak, and the ratio of the time delay between the systolic and the diastolic peaks and the time period of the waveform ( T/T) were studied as a function of age. It was found that while the parameter which is supposed to be a marker of distensibility of large arteries and T /T values correlate negatively with age, the area under the systolic peak correlates positively with age. The results suggest that the derived parameters could provide a simple, non-invasive means for studying the changes in the elastic properties of the vascular system as a function of age.

Photoacoustic study of the effect of doping concentration on the transport properties of GaAs epitaxial layers

We report a photoacoustic (PA) study of the thermal and transport properties of a GaAs epitaxial layer doped with Si at varying doping concentration, grown on GaAs substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. The data are analyzed on the basis of Rosencwaig and Gersho’s theory of the PA effect. The amplitude of the PA signal gives information about various heat generation mechanisms in semiconductors. The experimental data obtained from the measurement of the PA signal as a function of modulation frequency in a heat transmission configuration were fitted with the phase of PA signal obtained from the theoretical model evaluated by considering four parameters—viz., thermal diffusivity, diffusion coefficient, nonradiative recombination time, and surface recombination velocity—as adjustable parameters. It is seen from the analysis that the photoacoustic technique is sensitive to the changes in the surface states depend on the doping concentration. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of the photoacoustic technique as a noninvasive and nondestructive method to measure and evaluate the thermal and transport properties of epitaxial layers.

Chaotic Dynamics of Semiconductor Laser with Current Modulation and optoelectronic feedback

Chaotic dynamics of directly modulated semiconductor lasers have been studied extensively over the last two decades because of their application in secure optical communication. However, chaos is generally suppressed in such systems when the nonlinear gain reduction factor is above 0.01 which is very much smaller than the reported values in semiconductors like InGaAsP. In this paper we show that by giving an optoelectronic feedback with appropriate delay one can increase the range of the values of the gain reduction factor for which chaos can be observed. Numerical studies show that negative feedback is more efficient in producing chaotic dynamics.

Two Dimensional Large Amplitude Quasi Solitons in Thin Helium Films

Large amplitude local density fluctuations in a thin superfluid He film is considered. It is shown that these large amplitude fluctuations travel and behave like "quasi-solitons" under collision, even when the full nonlinearity arising from the Van der Waals potential is taken into account.

Simultaneous determination of nonlinear optical and thermo-optic parameters of liquid samples

The authors apply the theory of photothermal lens formation and also that of pure optical nonlinearity to account for the phase modulation in a beam as it traverses a nonlinear medium. It is used to simultaneously determine the nonlinear optical refraction and the thermo-optic coefficient. They demonstrate this technique using some metal phthalocyanines dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, irradiated by a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with 10 Hz repetition rate and a pulse width of 8 ns. The mechanism for reverse saturable absorption in these materials is also discussed.

Realization of a Scanning Photoacoustic Technique: Thermal properties of Bulk and Film Samples

Among the large number of photothcrmal techniques available, photoacoustics assumes a very significant place because of its essential simplicity and the variety of applications it finds in science and technology. The photoacoustic (PA) effect is the generation of an acoustic signal when a sample, kept inside an enclosed volume, is irradiated by an intensity modulated beam of radiation. The radiation absorbed by the sample is converted into thermal waves by nonradiative de-excitation processes. The propagating thermal waves cause a corresponding expansion and contraction of the gas medium surrounding the sample, which in tum can be detected as sound waves by a sensitive microphone. These sound waves have the same frequency as the initial modulation frequency of light. Lock-in detection method enables one to have a sufficiently high signal to noise ratio for the detected signal. The PA signal amplitude depends on the optical absorption coefficient of the sample and its thermal properties. The PA signal phase is a function of the thermal diffusivity of the sample.Measurement of the PA amplitude and phase enables one to get valuable information about the thermal and optical properties of the sample. Since the PA signal depends on the optical and thennal properties of the sample, their variation will get reflected in the PA signal. Therefore, if the PA signal is collected from various points on a sample surface it will give a profile of the variations in the optical/thennal properties across the sample surface. Since the optical and thermal properties are affected by the presence of defects, interfaces, change of material etc. these will get reflected in the PA signal. By varying the modulation frequency, we can get information about the subsurface features also. This is the basic principle of PA imaging or PA depth profiling. It is a quickly expanding field with potential applications in thin film technology, chemical engineering, biology, medical diagnosis etc. Since it is a non-destructive method, PA imaging has added advantages over some of the other imaging techniques. A major part of the work presented in this thesis is concemed with the development of a PA imaging setup that can be used to detect the presence of surface and subsmface defects in solid samples.Determination of thermal transport properties such as thermal diffusivity, effusivity, conductivity and heat capacity of materials is another application of photothennal effect. There are various methods, depending on the nature of the sample, to determine these properties. However, there are only a few methods developed to determine all these properties simultaneously. Even though a few techniques to determine the above thermal properties individually for a coating can be found in literature, no technique is available for the simultaneous measurement of these parameters for a coating. We have developed a scanning photoacoustic technique that can be used to determine all the above thermal transport properties simultaneously in the case of opaque coatings such as paints. Another work that we have presented in this thesis is the determination of thermal effusivity of many bulk solids by a scanning photoacoustic technique. This is one of the very few methods developed to determine thermal effiisivity directly.

Creation and Annihilation of Fluxons in ac‐driven Semi-annular Josephson Junction

A new geometry (semiannular) for Josephson junction has been proposed and theoretical studies have shown that the new geometry is useful for electronic applications [1, 2]. In this work we study the voltage‐current response of the junction with a periodic modulation. The fluxon experiences an oscillating potential in the presence of the ac‐bias which increases the depinning current value. We show that in a system with periodic boundary conditions, average progressive motion of fluxon commences after the amplitude of the ac drive exceeds a certain threshold value. The analytic studies are justified by simulating the equation using finite‐difference method. We observe creation and annihilation of fluxons in semiannular Josephson junction with an ac‐bias in the presence of an external magnetic field.

Synergic Reactions in the Estuarine Environment leading to Modulation of Aluminium metal during Transport Processes (in Cochin Estuary)

The research work which was carried out to Synergic Reactions in the Estuarine Environment leading to Modulation of Aluminium metal during Transport Processes (in Cochin Estuary)Estuaries are considered as sink or source for terrestrial and various anthropogenically generated materials. These include naturally occurring elements Al, Si, Fe or trace inorganics or industrial pollutants of different types. There have been reports on both positive and negative impacts by the introduction of above materials into the ecosystem.This thesis deals with the trace metal Aluminium (Al) whose average concentration (about 8%) in the earths crust is surpassed only by that of Oxygen and Silicon. There can be no doubt that most of the land derived materials reaches the ocean through rivers via estuaries. An important aspect noticed here is that the concentration of dissolved Al is much lower in sea water than in river water.On critically analysing Cochin estuary, for the entire cycles, covering monsoon, postmonsoon and premonsoon, the following salient features are documented as hereunder. Dissolved Al exhibits high and variable trends in Cochin estuary, the influencing parameters being salinity, SPM, pH and dissolved Si. A general profile showed removal in upper/mid estuary followed by regeneration in the mid/lower estuary and further decrease seawards in the southern/northem arms.Distribution appears to be a function of freshwater input, the monsoon season exhibiting very high concentrations throughout the estuary. As the river discharge decreased with the progress of seasons, dissolved Al concentration also decreased, the metal limiting itself to the upper and mid estuary.

Studies on some nonlinear schrodinger type equations describing pulse propagation through optical fibers

The discovery of the soliton is considered to be one of the most significant events of the twentieth century. The term soliton refers to special kinds of waves that can propagate undistorted over long distances and remain unaffected even after collision with each other. Solitons have been studied extensively in many fields of physics. In the context of optical fibers, solitons are not only of fundamental interest but also have potential applications in the field of optical fiber communications. This thesis is devoted to the theoretical study of soliton pulse propagation through single mode optical fibers.

Formation of elliptically polarized beam from h-plane sectoral horns using corrugated flanges

The flange technique, suggested by Reynolds72 is simple technique to improve antenna characteristics. Using flange technique we can trim the antenna characteristic by suitably adjusting the flange parameters75. Later corrugated flanges87 are used for beam shaping. The important parameters of the corrugated flanges are (a) flange angle, (b) flange width, (c) flange position, (d) conductivity of the flange, (e) amplitude excitation of the flange elements, (f) period of corrugation etc. Compared to a compound horn the flange technique offers great convenience in trimming antenna characteristics. Horns are commonly used as a feed in radar and satellite communications. A large number of work had been done to improve the characteristics of horn antennas. It is an established fact that grooved walls on the inner surface of a horn can improve the antenna characteristics44. Corrugated comb surface can be used for the circular polarization98, tilt of polarization99 etc. This suggests the possibility to combine these two phenomena and to obtain a resultant beam. This thesis presents the result of an investigation to study the possibility of controlling different antenna characteristics like polarization, beam shaping, matching etc, using corrugated flange techniques.

Studies on pulp propogation in single mode optical fibres

Studies on pulse propagation in single mode optical fibers have attracted interest from a wide area of science and technology as they have laid down the foundation for an in-depth understanding of the underlying physical principles, especially in the field of optical telecommunications. The foremost among them is discovery of the optical soliton which is considered to be one of the most significant events of the twentieth century owing to its fantastic ability to propagate undistorted over long distances and to remain unaflected after collision with each other. To exploit the important propertia of optical solitons, innovative mathematical models which take into account proper physical properties of the single mode optical fibers demand special attention. This thesis contains a theoretical analysis of the studies on soliton pulse propagation in single mode optical fibers.