Study on acceleratore in rubber vulcanization with special reference to the binary systems containing substituted dithiobiurets

The thesis entitled Study on Accelerators in Rubber Vulcanization with Special Reference to the Binary Systems Containing Substituted Dithiobiurets. It includes a detailed study on the binary accelerator systems containing substituted dithiobiurets in natural rubber and NR latex and dithiobiurets in SBR and NR-SBR blends vulcanization systems. It deals with the experimental procedure adopted for the preparation of DTB-II and DTB-III; the procedure for compounding and vulcanization and determination of physical properties like modulus, tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness, compression set, heat build up etc. The results indicate that there is efficient acceleration activity of the dithiobiurets in the vulcanization of natural rubber latex containing TMT. The study of dithiobiurets in natural rubber and NR latex reveal that they are having definite accelerating effect in SBR vulcanization systems.

Processing, procurement and marketing of pepper with particular reference to co-operative sector

The present Study is designed to gather, record and analyse data on history of pepper, pepper production, procurement and marketing with particular reference to Kerala. The main emphasis is given to study the'role of cooperative sector with regard to procurement and export efforts and also the services rendered by cooperative sector agencies under MARKETFED and NAFED to pepper trade. The scope of the Study covers the botany, methods of cultivation, fertilizer application, pest control management and other related aspects of pepper. Taking into consideration Kerala's supremacy in pepper cultivation and production, detailed study of its production, procurement, internal and export marketing with reference to Kerala has been given importance. As Kerala accounts for 96 per cent1 of the pepper cultivation and 94 per cent of the pepper production, the present study is entirely confined to Kerala

Influence of compounding and process variables on quality of condams made from natural rubber latex

Condoms are widely accepted as a contraceptive for family planning and population control. It is also accepted as the most effective barrier against sexually transmitted diseases, especially AIDS, the incurable disease. But presence of pinholes and low film strength of condoms make it unsuitable for the purpose. Quality improvement of condoms by reducing the pinhole formation and increasing the film strength is thus an essential requirement for population control as well as for preventing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. Strict implementation of WHO specification of condoms further increases the rejection percentage. This causes higher rejection loss to condom manufacturers because the defects could be identified only at the final stage of processing. If the influence of various factors which cause these defects is known, manufacturers can take remedial measures to reduce the defectives so that rejection loss can be decreased and quality of condoms increased. In the present study, it was proposed to conduct experiments to improve the quality of condoms by reducing the pinhole rejection percentage and increasing the tensile properties, burst volume, and burst pressure. Ageing property improvement also was an important target among other parameters. Until a cure for AIDS is found, a high quality latex condom is the only effective device in the prevention of the spread of HIV, AIDS and STD's. Hence it is all the more necessary to have high quality condoms.

Marketing orientation of small Firms- a study with reference to Trivandrum district

The small business has attracted very little attention of the historians in the ancient times, or public mind inspite of the fact that its impact on the various civilisations has been phenominal. Even in recent times economists considered the small firms as inappropriate, obselate and anacronistic as it cannot assimilate the full potential of technological change in the production system. But today everybody agrees that the small business has a definite role in shaping the human destiny and enhancing the quality of life in any society. In a developing country like India small firms are necessary to generate employment for millions, high standared of personal choice to consumers, provide competition and act as a check to monopoly power; further the small firms provide an important source of innovation and in turn it paves the way for entrepreneur development in the society. In many countries the small enterprises played a significant role in the growth and development of their economic system. Italy and Japan are quoted as classic examples . In India, too, with the abundance of labour and scarce capital resources small firms have been promoted and protected by the government. But one must say that the small firm owners/managers in India have been shy in developing a market orientation in themeselves. Due to this many firms failed and closed. The alarming rate of sickness among the small firms in India may be attributed to the lack of market driven/customer orientation approach among the owner/managers of small business. So the study on the market oreintation of the small firms has never been in the mind of marketing experts and academicians. Thus, an attempt is made to enquire into them systematically and scientifically. For the study, Trivandrum district in Kerala has been selected. The data for the study has been collected by the help of a schedule which has been prepared after consulting the relevant literature and after consultation with experts in the field, academicians and practising managers.

Development of energy saving forms of natural rubber

Although the physical and technological properties of modified rubbers were compared with those of conventional rubbers in the earlier studies reviewed above, the extent of energy saving possible by their use has not been quantified. In the present work it is proposed to determine the energy saving possible by using the following forms of natural rubber: 1. Oil extended natural rubber, 2. peptised natural rubber, 3. latex stage compounds. The process of production and quality control of the above types of processed rubbers are proposed to be standardised. It is also planned to work out a methodology for utilising field coagula for production of constant viscosity rubbers. The variation in processing properties of rubber from popular Indian clones will be examined and those with energy advantages in the processing stage will be identified. In conclusion a recommendation for adoption of a commercially advantageous processing procedure among Indian rubber plantation industry is also given.

Studies on rubber compositions as passive acoustic materials in underwater electro acoustic transducer technology-and their aging characteristics

Rubber has become an indispensable material in Ocean technology. Rubber components play critical roles such as sealing, damping, environmental protection, electrical insulation etc. in most under water engineering applications. Technology driven innovations in electro acoustic transducers and other sophisticated end uses have enabled quantum jump in the quality and reliability of rubber components. Under water electro acoustic transducers use rubbers as a critical material in their construction. Work in this field has lead to highly reliable and high performance materials which has enhanced service life of transducers to the extent of 1015 years. Present work concentrates on these materials. Conventional rubbers are inadequate to meet many of the stringent functional of the requirements. There exists large gap of information in the rubber technology of under water rubbers, particularly in the context of under water electro acoustic transducers. Present study is towards filling up the gaps of information in this crucial area. The research work has been in the area of compounding and characterisation of rubbers for use in under water electro acoustic transducers. The study also covers specific material system such as encapsulation material, baffle material, seal material, etc. Life prediction techniques of under water rubbers in general has been established with reference to more than one functional property. This thesis is divided into 6 chapters.

Technological Changes and its Impact on Rubber Plantation Industry in Kerala An Econometric Study

The present study describes in detail the major technological advances in the rubber-growing industry in the lastfour decades. The major technological changes experienced in the rubber plantation industry during the period are the introduction of 'high yielding-planting materials, scientific application of fertilisers, use of pesticides, tapping during rainy season using‘rain guards, use of. yield stimulants and improved tapping methods School of Management Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology

Studies on prevulcanization of rubber latex with special reference to influence of storage and after treatments on properties of films

Systematic investigations on prevulcanization of NR latex with special reference to the influence of storage of latex and after-treatments of films, have been carried out. The other aspects studied include the effect of temperature on sulphur prevulcanization, the extent of crosslinking, tensile properties, stress relaxation characteristics, water absorption and leaching characteristics of prevulcanizcd latex films

Utilization of rice by-products in rubber

The thesis consists of seven chapters. The first chapter is a general introduction on rice by-products, their composition and utilization at present. The different milling processes adopted in paddy and the major by-products obtained from these processes viz. rice husk, rice bran, rice bran oil and rice husk ash are described. The physical properties and chemical composition of the rice husk and its general uses are given in detail. The chemical composition of the rice bran and its separation from paddy is also included. The details of solvent extraction process used for obtaining rice bran oil and also its chemical constitution is discussed in this chapter. Also described is the preparation and the different uses of rice husk ash. A literature survey is also done on the utilization of rice by-products in rubber and plastics as on today. The scope and objectives of the present study is also included at the end of this chapter.

Problems And Prospects Of Marketing Indian Cardamom At Home And Abroad

The main objective of the study has been to analyse the marketing problems of Indian cardamom at home and abroad and examine possible courses of action which would lead to increased consumption of cardamom, both within India and abroad. This has been done in the context of the anticipated increases in the Indian and world supply of cardamom. Field studies were undertaken to understand the cost of production of cardamom and cost of export. This study was also directed at examining how far price fluctuations in cardamom can be controlled in the Indian context, so as to have a reasonable and stable income for primary producers which will ensure adequate encouragement for higher production and better export earnings.

Preparation of useful raw materials from Refinery sludge and its utilisation in rubber processing

Petroleum, a mixture of organic compounds, comes from underground rock formations ranging in age from ten to several hundred million years. The process by which it is formed and developed is not yet completely known. Studies indicate that petroleum is formed mainly from microscopic-sized marine animals and plants. When these organisms died in water of low oxygen content, they did not decompose. Thus their remains sank to the bottom to be buried under accumulations of sediment. Their conversion to petroleum remains a subject of research even today.

Studies on the treatment of effluents from natural rubber processing units

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of a few physico-chemical and biological methods for the treatment of effluents from natural rubber processing units. The overall objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of certain physico-chemical and biological methods for the treatment of effluents from natural rubber processing units. survey of the chemical characteristics of the effluents discharged from rubber processing units showed that the effluents from latex concentration units were the most polluting

Molecular breakdown of different forms of natural rubber and its influence on properties of their mixes and vulcanizates

The forms of natural rubber studied were sheet [RSS 4 and RSS 5], ISNR 20 and EBC. In the case of the latter two forms samples from estate and nonestate sectors were included. The samples were collected from different locations at specified intervals, for a particular period. The effect of the extent of mastication on raw rubber properties as well as the properties of the compounds and vulcanizates also studied. The consistency in raw rubber properties and breakdown behavior of skim rubber were studied by collecting samples periodically from selected processing units. The effect of incorporation of skim with ISNR 20 has also been investigated

A study of the marketing of fertilisers in India

This is a descriptive and analytical study. It investigates how Fertilisers are marketed in India. It describes and evaluates the system of fertiliser marketing prevalent in the country at the time of this study (1979-82). The study, as the title will indicate, has been conceived on a large canvass and in very broad and generalised terms. Such a large framework has been chosen with the intention of investigating the task of Fertiliser marketing in its totality

Studies on polyurethane elastomers based on liquid natural rubber

In the present study, the photochemical depolymerisation of NR in toluene, in presence of H202 and a homogenizing solvent (Methanol/Tetrahydro— furan) so as to get hydroxyl terminated liquid natural rubber (HTNR) has been carried out. The copolymeri— sation of this product with butane 1,4 diol and toluene 2,4 diisocyanate in presence of a catalyst, dibutyl tin dilaurate, to produce polyurethanes with HTNR soft segments is also reported. The preparation of block copolymers based on poly(ethylene oxide) with varying molecular weights and HTNR are also discussed along with a detailed study on their thermal and mechanical properties