11 resultados para partnership principles

em Université de Montréal, Canada


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Critical-level generalized-utilitarian population principles with positive critical levels pro-vide an ethically attractive way of avoiding the repugnant conclusion. We discuss the axiomatic foundations of critical-level generalized utilitarianism and investigate its rela-tionship to the sadistic and strong sadistic conclusions. A positive critical level avoids the repugnant conclusion. We demonstrate that, although no critical-level generalized-utilitarian principle can avoid both the repugnant and strong sadistic conclusions, princi-ples that avoid both have significant defects.

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Since the advent of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982, Canadians courts have become bolder in the law-making entreprise, and have recently resorted to unwritten constitutional principles in an unprecedented fashion. In 1997, in Reference re Remuneration of Judges of the Provincial Court of Prince Edward Island, the Supreme Court of Canada found constitutional justification for the independence of provincially appointed judges in the underlying, unwritten principles of the Canadian Constitution. In 1998, in Reference re Secession of Quebec, the Court went even further in articulating those principles, and held that they have a substantive content which imposes significant limitations on government action. The author considers what the courts' recourse to unwritten principles means for the administrative process. More specifically, he looks at two important areas of uncertainty relating to those principles: their ambiguous normative force and their interrelatedness. He goes on to question the legitimacy of judicial review based on unwritten constitutional principles, and to critize the courts'recourse to such principles in decisions applying the principle of judicial independence to the issue of the remuneration of judges.

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Philippe van Parijs (2003) has argued that an egalitarian ethos cannot be part of a post- Political Liberalism Rawlsian view of justice, because the demands of political justice are confined to principles for institutions of the basic structure alone. This paper argues, by contrast, that certain principles for individual conduct—including a principle requiring relatively advantaged individuals to sometimes make their economic choices with the aim of maximising the prospects of the least advantaged—are an integral part of a Rawlsian political conception of justice. It concludes that incentive payments will have a clearly limited role in a Rawlsian theory of justice.

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This article represents a prime example of applied ethics in public health policy development. The article provides guidance on the development of food allergy policies for child care settings based on core ethical principles in bioethics and public health ethics.

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A current advance within the agricultural industry is the use of genetic engineering to produce novel crops for food production. This technology raises questions about how societies should position themselves with respect to genetically modified (GM) crop development and implementation; namely, how should the potentials and risks of this technology be evaluated? We argue that current methods to evaluate the risks and benefits of GM crops are inadequate and not conducive to the strategic development of this technology, where a way to ameliorate technology assessments for GM crops is to include farmers in the research process of evaluating these crops prior to their commercialization. However, particularities concerning the ethical status of such research require special consideration and vigilance. For example, in such technology assessment initiatives, farmers would occupy both the roles of research participant and research investigator. Other particularities surface due to factors related to the nature of GM crops. These particularities are examined with reference to concepts drawn from the field of research ethics, namely informed consent, compensatory decisions, and issues of participant inclusion/exclusion.

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This article is an excellent example of applied ethics in public health policy development.

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The growing epidemic of allergy and allergy-induced asthma poses a significant challenge to population health. This article, written for a target audience of policy-makers in public health, aims to contribute to the development of policies to counter allergy morbidities by demonstrating how principles of social justice can guide public health initiatives in reducing allergy and asthma triggers. Following a discussion of why theories of social justice have utility in analyzing allergy, a step-wise policy assessment protocol formulated on Rawlsian principles of social justice is presented. This protocol can serve as a tool to aid in prioritizing public health initiatives and identifying ethically problematic policies that necessitate reform. Criteria for policy assessment include: 1) whether a tentative public health intervention would provide equal health benefit to a range of allergy and asthma sufferers, 2) whether targeting initiatives towards particu- lar societal groups is merited based on the notion of ‘worst-off status’ of certain population segments, and 3) whether targeted policies have the potential for stigmatization. The article concludes by analyzing three examples of policies used in reducing allergy and asthma triggers in order to convey the general thought process underlying the use of the assessment protocol, which public health officials could replicate as a guide in actual, region-specific policy development.

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La nature des acides dans un environnement aqueux est primordiale dans de nombreux aspects de la chimie et de la biologie. La caractéristique principale d'un acide est sa capacité à transférer un proton vers une molécule d'eau ou vers n'importe quelle base, mais ce procédé n'est pas aussi simple qu'il y paraît. Il peut au contraire être extrêmement complexe et dépendre de manière cruciale de la solvatation des différents intermédiaires de réaction impliqués. Cette thèse décrit les études computationnelles basées sur des simulations de dynamique moléculaire ab initio qui ont pour but d'obtenir une description à l'échelle moléculaire des divers procédés de transferts de proton entre acide et bases dans un milieu aqueux. Pour cela, nous avons étudié une serie de système, dont l'acide hydrofluorique aqueux, l'acide trifluoroacétique aqueux, et un système modèle constitué d'un phénol et d'une entité carboxylate reliés entre eux par une molécule d'eau en solution aqueuse. Deux états intermédiaires ont été identifiés pour le transfert d'un proton depuis un acide. Ces intermédiaires apparaissent stabilisés par un motif local de solvatation via des ponts H. Leurs signatures spectroscopiques ont été caractérisées au moyen de la spectroscopie infrarouge, en utilisant le formalisme de la dynamique moléculaire ab initio, qui inclut l'effet quantique nucléaire de manière explicite. Cette étude a aussi identifié trois chemins de réaction élémentaire, qui sont responsable pour le transfert d'un proton d'un acide à une base, ainsi que leurs échelles de temps caractéristiques. Les conclusions tirées de ces études sont discutées dans les détails, au niveau moléculaire, avec une emphase sur les comparaisons entre les résultats théoriques et les mesures expérimentales obtenues dans a littérature ou via des collaborateurs.

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Introduction La santé est considérée comme un idéal, un objectif et un but à atteindre; pour l'améliorer, certains ergothérapeutes utilisent les approches habilitantes. Ces dernières démontrent des résultats positifs pour la prévention des troubles musculosquelettiques (TMS). Objectif L’objectif de cette recherche est de mesurer les effets d'un programme en partenariat pour la prévention des TMS dans une pharmacie communautaire. Méthodologie Un devis mixte (quantitatif, qualitatif et descriptif) avant-après avec un groupe témoin non équivalent est utilisé. Le recrutement des participants se fait sur une base volontaire. Ceux-ci sont âgés de 18 ans et plus (groupe expérimental (n = 18) et témoin (n = 17)) et occupent trois titres d'emplois distincts. Différentes mesures via des questionnaires et des entrevues sont prises avant et après l’intervention. L’intervention, quant à elle, comprend trois rencontres élaborées à partir des concepts de l’ergonomie. Résultats En lien avec les connaissances acquises et la mobilisation, une diminution des sensations douloureuses est constatée chez les participants du groupe expérimental. De même, pour ceux-ci, une tendance à la généralisation des connaissances est notée. Conclusion Inspirée des principes de la prévention, de l’ergonomie et de l’habilitation, cette recherche, malgré ses limites, permet de mieux documenter les effets d'un programme en partenariat en entreprise de services pour la prévention des TMS.