2D, 3D and 4D active compound delivery in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

Recent advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have shown that controlling cells microenvironment during growth is a key element to the development of successful therapeutic system. To achieve such control, researchers have first proposed the use of polymeric scaffolds that were able to support cellular growth and, to a certain extent, favor cell organization and tissue structure. With nowadays availability of a large pool of stem cell lines, such approach has appeared to be rather limited since it does not offer the fine control of the cell micro-environment in space and time (4D). Therefore, researchers are currently focusing their efforts on developing strategies that include active compound delivery systems in order to add a fourth dimension to the design of 3D scaffolds. This review will focus on recent concepts and applications of 2D and 3D techniques that have been used to control the load and release of active compounds used to promote cell differentiation and proliferation in or out of a scaffold. We will first present recent advances in the design of 2D polymeric scaffolds and the different techniques that have been used to deposit molecular cues and cells in a controlled fashion. We will continue presenting the recent advances made in the design of 3D scaffolds based on hydrogels as well as polymeric fibers and we will finish by presenting some of the research avenues that are still to be explored.

Immune potential and differentiation of equine induced pluripotent stem cells (eiPSC)

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) have the capacity to self renew and differentiate into a myriad of cell types making them potential candidates for cell therapy and regenerative medicine. The goal of this thesis was to determine the characteristics of equine iPSC (eiPSC) that can be harnessed for potential use in veterinary regenerative medicine. Trauma to a horse’s limb often leads to the development of a chronic non-healing wound that lacks a keratinocyte cover, vital to healing. Thus, the overall hypothesis of this thesis was that eiPSC might offer a solution for providing wound coverage for such problematic wounds. Prior to considering eiPSC for clinical applications, their immunogenicity must be studied to ensure that the transplanted cells will be accepted and integrate into host tissues. The first objective of this thesis was to determine the immune response to eiPSC. To investigate the immunogenicity of eiPSC, the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules by the selected lines was determined, then the cells were used in an intradermal transplantation model developed for this study. While transplantation of allogeneic, undifferentiated eiPSC elicited a moderate cellular response in experimental horses, it did not cause acute rejection. This strategy enabled the selection of weakly immunogenic eiPSC lines for subsequent differentiation into lineages of therapeutic importance. Equine iPSC offer a potential solution to deficient epithelial coverage by providing a keratinocyte graft with the ability to differentiate into other accessory structures of the epidermis. The second objective of this thesis was to develop a protocol for the differentiation of eiPSC into a keratinocyte lineage. The protocol was shown to be highly efficient at inducing the anticipated phenotype within 30 days. Indeed, the eiPSC derived vi keratinocytes (eiPSC-KC) showed both morphologic and functional characteristics of primary equine keratinocytes (PEK). Moreover, the proliferative capacity of eiPSC-KC was superior while the migratory capacity, measured as the ability to epithelialize in vitro wounds, was comparable to that of PEK, suggesting exciting potential for grafting onto in vivo wound models. In conclusion, equine iPSC-derived keratinocytes exhibit features that are promising to the development of a stem cell-based skin construct with the potential to fully regenerate lost or damaged skin in horses. However, since eiPSC do not fully escape immune surveillance despite low MHC expression, strategies to improve engraftment of iPSC derivatives must be pursued.

Le nombre d’Avogadro en prend pour son rhume : l’homéopathie en question.

Même si de plus en plus de psychoéducateurs utilisent des approches appuyées sur des données probantes, ils sont également confrontés dans leur pratique quotidienne à des approches dites alternatives dont la validité, dans la majorité des cas, reste à démontrer. Parmi celles-ci, l’homéopathie prétend traiter un ensemble de problèmes psychosociaux dont le TDAH, les troubles d’apprentissage, l’anxiété, la peur, etc. L’objectif de cet article est de considérer la pertinence de cette approche non seulement pour traiter les problèmes psychosociaux mais également l’ensemble des troubles qu’elle prétend soigner. Cet article comprend cinq parties. Dans la première, nous situons l’histoire de l’homéopathie dans le cadre de la chimie et de la pharmacologie modernes. La deuxième est consacrée à ce qu’il est convenu maintenant d’appeler « l’affaire de la mémoire de l’eau » que des homéopathes ont tenté de récupérer à leur profit pour justifier l’activité de leurs produits même lorsque la dilution de ceux-ci est telle qu’ils ne contiennent plus de molécule active. Au cours de la troisième partie, nous faisons état de la recherche concernant l’efficacité des traitements homéopathiques. Dans la quatrième partie, nous montrons brièvement que l’homéopathie vétérinaire n’est pas plus efficace que l’homéopathie appliquée aux humains. Dans la cinquième partie, nous soulevons quelques aspects éthiques en soulignant entre autres éléments que la prescription des produits homéopathiques et l’utilisation des « vaccins » de même nature ne sont pas sans conséquences.