Intellectual Property Protection For Plant Derived Vaccine Technology: Here They Come Are We Ready or Not ?

Il existe une nouvelle catégorie de technologie, les vaccins dérivés de plantes («VDPs»), qui englobe des produits qui ont un grand potentiel pour l’amélioration de la santé à l’échelle globale. Bien qu’ils ne soient pas encore disponibles pour le public, le développement des VDPs a progressé de façon telle qu’ils devraient être prêts à être mis en marché et distribués sous peu. Ainsi, c’est le moment idéal pour lancer un débat sur la meilleure façon de protéger cette nouvelle catégorie de technologie. Vu leur nature, les VDPs ne se qualifient pas parfaitement pour aucune forme de protection de propriété intellectuelle. En effet, un VDP est à la fois une variété de plante, une biotechnologie, un médicament et un produit qui vise spécifiquement les besoins de pays en voie de développement. Chacune de ces caractéristiques soulève ses propres problématiques en ce qui a trait à la propriété intellectuelle. C’est pourquoi il appert difficile d’identifier la forme de protection la plus adéquate et appropriée pour les VDPs. Cet article traite de la nature d’un VDP, des différentes catégories dans lesquelles il pourrait être classé, des différents types de systèmes de protection de propriété intellectuelle auxquels il pourrait être éligible ainsi que des problèmes qui pourraient être soulevés par tous ces éléments. Ces discussions visent à mettre l’accent sur le fait que nous avons affaire à une toute nouvelle catégorie d’innovation technologique. L’auteure est donc d’avis qu’une approche proactive est nécessaire pour discuter d’un système de protection de propriété intellectuelle en relation avec les VDPs. En ce moment, c’est l’inventeur qui choisi comment il protègera son invention. Les moyens employés par ce dernier pourraient être subséquemment modifiés ou annulés par une décision judiciaire mais comme plusieurs autres inventeurs d’une même catégorie de technologie auront probablement déjà adopté une stratégie de protection similaire, ce type de mesures judiciaire, très tard dans le processus, pourra avoir des résultats néfastes sur les détenteurs de droits. Le développement de lignes directrices d’entrée de jeu, avec l’aide d’un panel d’experts de préférence, peut contribuer à éviter les situations de confusion qui ont déjà été vécues avec l’application d’autres nouvelles technologies et qui devraient servir de leçon pour l’encadrement des VDPs.

Potential use of a recombinant replication-defective adenovirus vector carrying the C-terminal portion of the P97 adhesin protein as a vaccine against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in swine.

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes severe economic losses to the swine industry worldwide and the prevention of its related disease, enzootic porcine pneumonia, remains a challenge. The P97 adhesin protein of M. hyopneumoniae should be a good candidate for the development of a subunit vaccine because antibodies produced against P97 could prevent the adhesion of the pathogen to the respiratory epithelial cells in vitro. In the present study, a P97 recombinant replication-defective adenovirus (rAdP97c) subunit vaccine efficiency was evaluated in pigs. The rAdP97c vaccine was found to induce both strong P97 specific humoral and cellular immune responses. The rAdP97c vaccinated pigs developed a lower amount of macroscopic lung lesions (18.5 ± 9.6%) compared to the unvaccinated and challenged animals (45.8 ± 11.5%). rAdP97c vaccine reduced significantly the severity of inflammatory response and the amount of M. hyopneumoniae in the respiratory tract. Furthermore, the average daily weight gain was slightly improved in the rAdP97c vaccinated pigs (0.672 ± 0.068 kg/day) compared to the unvaccinated and challenged animals (0.568 ± 0.104 kg/day). A bacterin-based commercial vaccine (Suvaxyn® MH-one) was more efficient to induce a protective immune response than rAdP97c even if it did not evoke a P97 specific immune response. These results suggest that immunodominant antigens other than P97 adhesin are also important in the induction of a protective immune response and should be taken into account in the future development of M. hyopneumoniae subunit vaccines.

FosteraTM PRRS modified live vaccine efficacy against a Canadian heterologous virulent field strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).

Vaccination is a useful option to control infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and several modified live-PRRSV vaccines have been developed. These vaccines have shown some efficacy in reducing the incidence and severity of clinical disease as well as the duration of viremia and virus shedding but have failed to provide sterilizing immunity. The efficacy of modified live-virus (MLV) vaccines is greater against a homologous strain compared with heterologous PRRSV strains. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Fostera PRRS MLV vaccine in protecting against challenge with a heterologous field strain widely circulating in the swine herds of eastern Canada. Forty-six piglets were divided into 4 groups: nonvaccinated-nonchallenged; nonvaccinated-challenged; vaccinated-challenged; and vaccinated-nonchallenged. The animals were vaccinated at 23 d of age with Fostera PRRS and challenged 23 d later with a heterologous field strain of PRRSV (FMV12-1425619). Overall, the vaccine showed some beneficial effects in the challenged animals by reducing the severity of clinical signs and the viral load. A significant difference between nonvaccinated and vaccinated animals was detected for some parameters starting 11 to 13 d after challenge, which suggested that the cell-mediated immune response or other delayed responses could be more important than pre-existing PRRSV antibodies in vaccinated animals within the context of protection against heterologous strains.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) naturally contaminated feed impairs the immune response induced by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) live attenuated vaccine

Cereal commodities are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins produced by the secondary metabolism of fungal infection. Among these contaminants, deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin, is the most prevalent type B trichothecene mycotoxin worldwide. Pigs are very sensitive to the toxic effects of DON and are frequently exposed to naturally contaminated feed. Recently, DON naturally contaminated feed has been shown to decrease porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) specific antibody responses following experimental infection. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of DON naturally contaminated feed on the immune response generated following vaccination with PRRSV live attenuated vaccine. Eighteen pigs were randomly divided into three experimental groups of 6 animals based on DON content of the diets (0, 2.5 and 3.5 mg DON/kg). They were fed these rations one week prior to the vaccination and for all the duration of the immune response evaluation. All pigs were vaccinated intra-muscularly with one dose of Ingelvac® PRRSV modified live vaccine (MLV). Blood samples were collected at day −1, 6, 13, 20, 27 and 35 post vaccination (pv) and tested for PRRSV RNA by RT-qPCR and for virus specific antibodies by ELISA. Results showed that ingestion of DON-contaminated diets significantly decreased PRRSV viremia. All pigs fed control diet were viremic while only 1 (17%) and 3 (50%) out of 6 pigs were viremic in the groups receiving 3.5 and 2.5 mg of DON/kg, respectively. Subsequently, all pigs fed control diet developed PRRSV specific antibodies while only viremic pigs that were fed contaminated diets have developed PRRSV specific antibodies. These results suggest that feeding pigs with DON-contaminated diet could inhibit vaccination efficiency of PRRSV MLV by severely impairing viral replication.