STRATEGIES TO SURPASS THE VULNERABILITY OF THE SMALL ISLAND STATES WITH FEW RESOURCES: THE CASE OF CAPE VERDE

The problem of small Island Developing States (SIDS) is quite recent, end of the 80s and 90s, still looking for a theoretical consolidation. SIDS, as small states in development, formed by one or several islands geographically dispersed, present reduced population, market, territory, natural resources, including drinkable water, and, in great number of the cases, low level of economic activity, factors that together, hinder the gathering of scale economies. To these diseconomies they come to join the more elevated costs in transports and communications which, allies to lower productivities, to a smaller quality and diversification of its productions, which difficult its integration in the world economy. In some SIDS these factors are not dissociating of the few investments in infrastructures, in the formation of human resources and in productive investments, just as it happens in most of the developing countries. In ecological terms, many of them with shortage of natural resources, but integrating important ecosystems in national and world terms, but with great fragility relatively to the pollution action, of excessive fishing, of uncontrolled development of tourism, factors that, conjugated and associated to the stove effect, condition the climate and the slope of the medium level of the sea water and therefore could put in cause the own survival of some of them. The drive to the awareness of the international community towards its problems summed up with the accomplishment by the United Nations in the Barbados���s Conference, 1994 where the right to the development was emphasized, through the going up the appropriate strategies and the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of the SIDS. The orientation of the regional and international cooperation in that sense, sharing technology (namely clean technology and control and administration environmental technology), information and creation of capacity-building, supplying means, including financial resources, creating non discriminatory and just trade rules, it would drive to the establishment of a world system economically more equal, in which the production, the consumption, the pollution levels, the demographic politics were guided towards the sustainability. It constituted an important step for the recognition for the international community on the specificities of those states and it allowed the definition of a group of norms and politics to implement at the national, regional and international level and it was important that they continued in the sense of the sustainable development. But this Conference had in its origin previous summits: the Summit of Rio de Janeiro about Environment and Development, accomplished in 1992, which left an important document - the Agenda 21, in the Conference of Stockholm at 1972 and even in the Conference of Ramsar, 1971 about ���Wetlands.��� CENTRO DE ESTUDOS AFRICANOS Occasional Papers �� CEA - Centro de Estudos Africanos 4 Later, the Valletta Declaration, Malta, 1998, the Forum of Small States, 2002, get the international community's attention for the problems of SIDS again, in the sense that they act to increase its resilience. If the definition of ���vulnerability��� was the inability of the countries to resist economical, ecological and socially to the external shocks and ���resilience��� as the potential for them to absorb and minimize the impact of those shocks, presenting a structure that allows them to be little affected by them, a part of the available studies, dated of the 90s, indicate that the SIDS are more vulnerable than the other developing countries. The vulnerability of SIDS results from the fact the they present an assemblage of characteristics that turns them less capable of resisting or they advance strategies that allow a larger resilience to the external shocks, either anthropogenic (economical, financial, environmental) or even natural, connected with the vicissitudes of the nature. If these vulnerability factors were grouped with the expansion of the economic capitalist system at world level, the economic and financial globalisation, the incessant search of growing profits on the part of the multinational enterprises, the technological accelerated evolution drives to a situation of disfavour of the more poor. The creation of the resilience to the external shocks, to the process of globalisation, demands from SIDS and of many other developing countries the endogen definition of strategies and solid but flexible programs of integrated development. These must be assumed by the instituted power, but also by the other stakeholders, including companies and organizations of the civil society and for the population in general. But that demands strong investment in the formation of human resources, in infrastructures, in investigation centres; it demands the creation capacity not only to produce, but also to produce differently and do international marketing. It demands institutional capacity. Cape Verde is on its way to this stage.

Conservation of oceanic island floras: Present and future global challenges

Currentthreatstotheplanet���sbiodiversityareunprecedented,andtheyparticularlyimperilinsular floras.Inthisinvestigation,weusethethreatfactorsidentifiedbytheMillenniumEcosystem Assessmentasthemaindriversofbiodiversitylossonislandstodefineandrank13current,continuing threatstotheplantdiversityofninefocalarchipelagoswherevolcanicorigin(orintheSeychellesa prolongedisolationafteracontinentalorigin)hasproducedahighdegreeofendemicityandfragilityin the faceofhabitatalteration.Wealsoconductaglobalendangermentassessmentbasedonthe numbersofinsularendemicplantsintheendangered(EN)andcriticallyendangered(CR)IUCN categoriesfor53islandgroupswithanestimated9951endemicplantspecies,providinga representativesampleoftheworld���sinsularsystemsandtheirfloristicrichness.Ouranalysesindicate that isolationdoesnotsignificantlyinfluenceendangerment,butplantendemicsfromverysmall islandsaremoreoftencriticallyendangered.Weestimatethatbetween3500and6800oftheestimated 70,000 insularendemicplantspeciesworldwidemightbehighlythreatened(CR+EN)andbetweenca. 2000 and2800ofthemincriticaldangerofextinction(CR).Basedontheseanalyses,andona worldwideliteraturereviewofthebiologicalthreatfactorsconsidered,weidentifychallenging questionsforconservationresearch,asking(i)whatarethemosturgentprioritiesfortheconservation of insularspeciesandfloras,and(ii)withtheknowledgeandassetsavailable,howcanweimprovethe impactofconservationscienceandpracticeonthepreservationofislandbiodiversity?Ouranalysis indicatesthatthesynergisticactionofmanythreatfactorscaninducemajorecologicaldisturbances, leadingtomultipleextinctions.Wereviewweaknessesandstrengthsinconservationresearchand managementintheninefocalarchipelagos,andhighlighttheurgentneedforconservationscientiststo shareknowledgeandexpertise,identifyanddiscusscommonchallenges,andformulatemulti- disciplinaryconservationobjectivesforinsularplantendemicsworldwide.Toourknowledge,thisisthe mostup-to-dateandcomprehensivesurveyyettoreviewthethreatfactorstonativeplantsonoceanic islandsanddefinepriorityresearchquestions.

English as a world language: its role as a lingua francaa sociolinguistic profile of students of secondary schools in Santiago Island, in the Archipelago of Cape Verde

Esta tese centra-se em aspectos relevantes do ingl��s como uma l��ngua universal, no actual contexto globalizado e examina poss��veis mudan��as relacionadas com o seu uso, em especial no continente africano, particularmente no caso de Cabo Verde, no sentido de ponderar eventuais alternativas nas pedagogias lingu��sticas no ensino desta l��ngua que impliquem uma adapta����o �� realidade contempor��nea. Uma vez que, nos nossos tempos, o ingl��s �� a l��ngua de elei����o para a comunica����o intercultural entre povos com v��rias experi��ncias culturais e lingu��sticas, o conhecimento deste idioma torna-se, a cada dia que passa, impreter��vel e indispens��vel, na interac����o intercultural. Em ��frica, as fun����es desempenhadas pelo ingl��s s��o complexas; al��m da l��ngua inglesa ser usada para comunica����o entre etnias, com o estatuto de l��ngua franca, tamb��m tem o papel de preservar a identidade nacional e de estabelecer a unidade entre os povos da mesma na����o. Por conseguinte, �� de considerar talvez ainda com mais pertin��ncia, a adop����o de uma nova filosofia de pedagogia de ensino que permita dotar os seus cidad��os de capacidades que lhes possibilitem comunicar de forma intelig��vel com povos de outras culturas e l��nguas. O primeiro cap��tulo aborda aspectos te��ricos relacionados com a expans��o, comunica����o e mudan��a associadas �� l��ngua inglesa e suas implica����es no ensino em pa��ses onde esta n��o �� l��ngua nativa (L1). O segundo cap��tulo reflecte, em primeiro lugar, sobre a situa����o lingu��stica em ��frica e as l��nguas francas predominantes no continente, incluindo a l��ngua inglesa. Considera tamb��m quest��es relacionadas com o multilinguismo e a identidade, bem como assuntos relacionados com as implica����es da diversidade lingu��stica para a educa����o dos povos africanos.

Avalia����o dos Fatores que Afetaram a Produtividade das Galinhas Poedeiras (RHODE ISLAND RED) Durante as Primeiras 52�� Semana, no Avi��rio do INIDA

Cabo Verde �� um pa��s com algum potencial no sector do agroneg��cios, representando cerca de trinta porcento (30%) dos rendimentos da popula����o rural. Muito tem sido feito para melhorar este sector, contudo, devido �� falta de espa��o e de pastos, vem buscando alternativas mais vi��veis para a cria����o de animais, que ocupam menos espa��o e que produzam mais por m2. O n��mero de aves dom��sticas em Cabo Verde foi estimada em 431.194, desses noventa e quatro porcento (94%) representava a cria����o de galinhas. A ilha de Santiago foi a maior produtora com quarenta e sete porcento (47%) dos efetivos, em seguida a ilha de S��o Vicente com vinte porcento (20%). Temperatura, instala����es, nutri����o e o manejo s��o vari��veis importantes para o bem-estar animal e devem ser encarados em sinergia. Quando n��o est��o de acordo com as necessidades m��nimas exigidas levam as aves para fora da zona de conforto. A temperatura ideal para a cria����o de galinhas poedeiras na fase de produ����o deve rondar os 17 ��C e os 28��C, e nos primeiros dias de vida de 33��C a 35��C. Em Cabo Verde ainda n��o existe a preocupa����o em proporcionar condi����es ideias para as aves de cria����o, visto que ainda �� feita, na sua grande maioria, de forma tradicional e com pouca ou nenhuma tecnologia que vise um melhor desempenho produtivo das aves. Este trabalho teve como objetivos espec��ficos: ��� Monitorizar o consumo de ra����o por aves; ��� Registar a postura di��ria e determinar a produ����o/produtividade; ��� Analisar os factores que afectam a produ����o/produtividade de ovos no avi��rio do INIDA;

Assessment and mapping the sensitive areas to desertification in an insular Sahelian mountain region Case study of the Ribeira Seca Watershed, Santiago Island - Cabo Verde

This paper presents the assessment and mapping of the Ribeira Seca catchment, an insular Sahelian mountain region sensitive to desertification, located on the island of Santiago, Cabo Verde. Desertification is a threat to the global environment, representing a serious ecological problemin Cabo Verde. To successfully combat desertification, an evaluation of desertification consequences is required and the building of cartography of the sensitivity for arid and semi-arid ecosystems is required as a first step. The MEDALUS model was the basis for this study in which six quality indicators were used: climate, soil, vegetation, land management, erosion and social factors. Several parameters were defined for each indicator with weights varying between 1 (very low) and 2 (very high). The geometric mean of each of the six quality indicators was employed to produce a map of areas sensitive to desertification. The results of this study show that more than 50% of the watershed show clear evidence of becoming a desertified area.

Phylogeography of Mabuya maculilabris (Reptilia) from S��o Tom�� Island (Gulf of Guinea) inferred from mtDNA sequences

The pattern of genetic variation of the lizard Mabuya maculilabris from S��o Tom�� Island (Gulf of Guinea) was investigated using a combination of three mitochondrial DNA gene fragments. Forty-eight haplotypes were recovered among 66 individuals covering the whole island. The genealogy inferred from the most parsimonious network of haplotypes allows us to detect two main and long branches departing from the putative group of oldest haplotypes. The tips of these branches exhibit star-like phylogenies, which may indicate of recently expanded populations, most probably from a small number of founders. A nested clade analysis suggests a complex pattern of past events that gave rise to the extant geographical pattern found in the haplotype distribution: past and allopatric fragmentation, range expansion, restricted gene Xow and long-distance dispersal. These results are consistent with the complex geological history of the island where important volcanic activity with extensive lava Xows has occurred during several periods. Mismatch- distribution analysis and AMOVA also support these conclusions. Substantial genetic structuring among these lizards was detected as well as high levels of diVerentiation between the southern edge populations (particularly those from the Rolas Islet) and the remaining ones. However, variation is low relative to the geological age of the island. Our results indicate that patterns of variation observed in reptiles in other oceanic islands are not indicative of those observed in the islands of the Gulf of Guinea.