Racial Stereotypes in Fictions of Slavery: Uncle Tom´s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe and O Escravo by José Evaristo D’ Almeida

Most stereotypes about Africans and their descendants started with colonialism in the fifteenth century. The encounter between Africans and Europeans facilitated the creation of myths and stereotypes about the colonized peoples, which were made effective through the naturalization of differences. The relationship between skin color and slavery developed to produce a racialized system of forced labor on which colonialism depended for its survival. Stereotypes functioned to legitimize colonial authority by building the notion that the colonizer ruled over the colonized because of an innate superiority. Therefore, stereotyping is an effective "discursive strategy" (Bhabha) based on fixity and repetition with the aim of controlling the other. Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin and José Evaristo D’Almeida O Escravo both denounced the evils of slavery in the United States of America and Cape Verde respectively, claiming for the end of the institution. However, they are both ambivalent towards slaves and blacks, being unable to envisage social equality for the two races. Both authors construct their black characters as stereotypical others, but they depict the light-skin characters as superior both culturally and physically. The bi-racial characters are portrayed as the ones who possess beauty and intelligence as an inheritance from their European ancestry, while blacks are relegated to the margins. We need to consider, however, that slavery in Cape Verde had different characteristics from its counterpart in the United States of America. In Cape Verde the Africans outnumbered the Europeans and that circumstance favored miscegenation and the emergence of forms of mixed culture, which came to be seen as positive and natural. In the United States of America miscegenation was regarded as a taboo since early. And even after Emancipation, “the one-drop rule” made the offspring of an African descendant black, however 'white' he or she might be.

As Fórmulas resolventes

Como se sabe, uma equação suscetível de ser reduzida à forma: (a ib )xn (a ib )xn (a ib )x a ib 0 0 1 1 n n n n 1 1 1 1 + + + - + ××× + + + + = 0 - - ( ) com a b j j , ÎR, (j=0,1,..,n), a0 ¹ 0 ou b0 ¹ 0 , e onde i é a unidade imaginária, diz-se algébrica racional inteira na incógnita x , definida em C, e de grau n ÎN. Sabe-se, por igual, que toda a equação inteira de grau n >1, com coeficientes em C, tem, pelo menos, uma raiz neste conjunto. Contudo, no caso em que os coeficientes da equação são elementos de R, se existirem raízes imaginárias, terão de ser em número par e conjugadas duas a duas. Desde que os matemáticos procuraram encontrar as soluções de uma equação inteira qualquer, que se gerou o sonho de ser possível obter uma fórmula resolvente geral para a equação de grau n ³ 1. Para certo valor de n obter-se-ia a fórmula resolvente para a correspondente equação inteira.