Nauhasuodatukseen vaikuttavien parametrien tutkiminen

Nauhasuodattimia käytetään teollisuuden aloilla, joissa suodatettavan suspension määrä vaihtelee laajalti ja suodinkakun peseytyminen on tärkeää. Oikean kangasrakenteen valinnalla voidaan kasvattaa suodatuskapasiteettia ja parantaa suodatustulosta. Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli tutkia metallisulfidisakan nauhasuodatukseen liittyviä parametreja suodatuksen parantamiseksi. Tavoitteena oli löytää sopiva kangas ja ajoparametrit kloridin pesemiseksi suodinkakusta mahdollisimman tarkasti ja samalla säilyttää hyvä suodospuhtaus. Suodatuskapasiteetin kasvattaminen oli myös toivottavaa. Kirjallisuusosassa keskityttiin kakkusuodatuksen teoriaan, nauhasuodatukseen ja tutustuttiin hieman nauhasuodatukseen liittyvään laskentaan. Uusia kehitteillä olevia suodatusta parantavia menetelmiä käsiteltiin myös kirjallisuusosassa. Kokeellisessa osassa tutkittiin koesuunnittelua hyväksi käyttäen metallisulfidisakan suodatukseen vaikuttavienparametrien vaikutusta. Testattavia parametreja olivat mm. alipaine, lietteen kiintoainepitoisuus, syötön ja pesuveden määrä. Kokeet osoittivat, että kankaan rakenteella ei ole suurta vaikutusta pesutulokseen. Pesuilla ei myöskään voida kokonaan poistaa suodinkakussa olevaa kloridia. Tulosten perusteella kokeissa käytetyillä kudotuilla kankailla päästiin yhtä hyviin kuin huopakankaalla. Suodattimen toiminnan kannalta paras tilanne on, jos suodattimelle tulevan lietteen kiintoainepitoisuus pysyy melko vakiona. Suodattimella käytettävän kankaan käyttöikää kasvattaa kankaan hyvä kulutuskestävyys, kakun irtoaminen helposti kankaan pinnalta ja kankaan pysyminen huokoisena kankaan pesujen ansiosta.

The effects of a non-woven cover in combination with different soil mulches in strawberry cultivation

Selostus: Katteiden käyttö mansikanviljelyssä

Development of filter media treatments for liquid filtration

Woven monofilament, multifilament, and spun yarn filter media have long been the standard media in liquid filtration equipment. While the energy for a solid-liquid separation process is determined by the engineering work, it is the interface between the slurry and the equipment - the filter media - that greatly affects the performance characteristics of the unit operation. Those skilled in the art are well aware that a poorly designed filter medium may endanger the whole operation, whereas well-performing filter media can make the operation smooth and economical. As the mineral and pulp producers seek to produce ever finer and more refined fractions of their products, it is becoming increasingly important to be able to dewater slurries with average particle sizes around 1 ¿m using conventional, high-capacity filtration equipment. Furthermore, the surface properties of the media must not allow sticky and adhesive particles to adhere to the media. The aim of this thesis was to test how the dirt-repellency, electrical resistance and highpressure filtration performance of selected woven filter media can be improved by modifying the fabric or yarn with coating, chemical treatment and calendering. The results achieved by chemical surface treatments clearly show that the woven media surface properties can be modified to achieve lower electrical resistance and improved dirt-repellency. The main challenge with the chemical treatments is the abrasion resistance and, while the experimental results indicate that the treatment is sufficiently permanent to resist standard weathering conditions, they may still prove to be inadequately strong in terms of actual use.From the pressure filtration studies in this work, it seems obvious that the conventional woven multifilament fabrics still perform surprisingly well against the coated media in terms of filtrate clarity and cake build-up. Especially in cases where the feed slurry concentration was low and the pressures moderate, the conventional media seemed to outperform the coated media. In the cases where thefeed slurry concentration was high, the tightly woven media performed well against the monofilament reference fabrics, but seemed to do worse than some of the coated media. This result is somewhat surprising in that the high initial specific resistance of the coated media would suggest that the media will blind more easily than the plain woven media. The results indicate, however, that it is actually the woven media that gradually clogs during the coarse of filtration. In conclusion, it seems obvious that there is a pressure limit above which the woven media looses its capacity to keep the solid particles from penetrating the structure. This finding suggests that for extreme pressures the only foreseeable solution is the coated fabrics supported by a strong enough woven fabric to hold thestructure together. Having said that, the high pressure filtration process seems to follow somewhat different laws than the more conventional processes. Based on the results, it may well be that the role of the cloth is most of all to support the cake, and the main performance-determining factor is a long life time. Measuring the pore size distribution with a commercially available porometer gives a fairly accurate picture of the pore size distribution of a fabric, but failsto give insight into which of the pore sizes is the most important in determining the flow through the fabric. Historically air, and sometimes water, permeability measures have been the standard in evaluating media filtration performance including particle retention. Permeability, however, is a function of a multitudeof variables and does not directly allow the estimation of the effective pore size. In this study a new method for estimating the effective pore size and open pore area in a densely woven multifilament fabric was developed. The method combines a simplified equation of the electrical resistance of fabric with the Hagen-Poiseuille flow equation to estimate the effective pore size of a fabric and the total open area of pores. The results are validated by comparison to the measured values of the largest pore size (Bubble point) and the average pore size. The results show good correlation with measured values. However, the measured and estimated values tend to diverge in high weft density fabrics. This phenomenon is thought to be a result of a more tortuous flow path of denser fabrics, and could most probably be cured by using another value for the tortuosity factor.

Siistausmassan saostuksessa kiekkosuodattimella käytettävän suodatinväliaineen testaus ja kehittäminen

Työn aiheena on siistausmassan saostuksessa käytettävä kiekkosuodatinväliaine ja tarkoituksena selvittää lankamateriaalien ja pinnoitusaineiden vaikutusta väliaineen likaantumisherkkyyteen ja suodatusteknisiin ominaisuuksiin. Siistauslaitosten ongelmana on suodatinväliaineen likaantuminen massassa olevien tahmo- ja painoväripartikkelien johdosta. Tällä hetkellä siistauslaitosten kiekkosuodatinpussien valmistuksessa käytetään pääasiassa polypropeeni- ja polyvinylideenifluoridimonofilamenttilankoja, joiden lianhylkivyys on osoittautunut huonoksi. Uusiksi lankamateriaaleiksi tutkimuksiin valittiin Easy Kleen I, Easy Kleen II, Hyflon, Halar ja Polyesteri. Tulosten perusteella Easy Kleen I ja II monofilamenttilangoista kudotun suodatinkankaan lianhylkivyys on polypropeeni- ja polyvinylideenifluoridimonofilamenttilangoista kudottua kangasta parempi. Suodatusteknisissä ominaisuuksissa ei materiaalien välillä havaittu merkittävää eroa. Easy Kleen monofilamenttilangat näyttävät soveltuvan myös keittokutistumiltaan ja mekaanisilta ominaisuuksiltaan kiekkosuodatinpussien materiaaleiksi. Polypropeeni- ja polyesterimonofilamenettilangoista kudottujen suodatinkankaiden pinnoittamisessa käytettiin hydrofiilisiä ja hydrofobisia pinnoitusaineita. Tulosten perusteella on mahdollista parantaa suodatinkankaan lianhylkivyyttä pinnoittamalla. Pinnoitettu kangas on myös suodatusteknisiltä ominaisuuksiltaan toimiva. Ongelmaksi suodatinkankaiden pinnoittamisessa saattaa kuitenkin muodostua pinnoituslämpötila, jossa kangas kutistuu asennuskelvottomaksi.

Fouling, prevention of fouling, and clearing in filtration

In this thesis fouling of conventional filter fabrics and membranes was studied. In the beginning of the thesis fouling and how it can be measured and predicted is reviewed. Information on different methods on how fouling canbe decreased or cleaned away is also given. The experimental part is divided into two sections; fabric filtration and membrane filtration. Fouling of the filter fabrics was studied with silica or cupper slurries and fouling of the membranes was studied with pulp and paper mill waters. The fouled filter materials were characterised according to many different methods. The most useful way to observe fouling is to measure the changes in the permeate flux. Fouling can also be seen visually e.g. with scanning electron microscopy. Consequently, also the reason for the fouling in question might be found. Different filtration characteristics affect fouling e.g. as the filtration pressure was increased it did not have much influence on the permeate flux, but the pressure caused the membrane to get fouled faster. Also, an increase of shear rate on the membrane surface decreased fouling. Different pretreatment methods for the effluent were tested in membrane filtration to decrease fouling. The tested methods; biological treatment, ozonation, enzymatic treatment and flocculation, did not have a clear influence on the fouling of the membrane, but e.g. a biological treatment combined with ultrafiltration made the tested groundwood mill circulation water purer than ultrafiltration alone.

Tuotannon- ja materiaalinohjauksen kehittäminen huonekaluteollisuudessa

Työn tavoitteena oli kehittää sohvakalusteita valmistavan yrityksen tuotannon- ja materiaalinohjausta. Tuotanto on sekä varasto-ohjautuvaa, että tilausohjautuvaa kokoonpanoa. Kehittämisessä pääpaino oli läpäisyaikojen lyhentämisellä molemmissa tuotantomuodoissa, vaihto-omaisuuden arvon alentamisessa sekä kriittisten materiaalien ohjauksen tehostamisessa. Työssä on ensin selvitetty tuotannon- ja materiaalin-ohjauksen teoriaa, tilaus-toimitus-prosessia ja tietojärjestelmiä osana tuotannonohjausta. Tavoitteena on ollut valita käytännössä hyvin toimivia ohjausmenettelyitä ja soveltaa niitä kohdeyrityksessä, jotta asetetut tavoitteet saavutettaisiin mahdollisimman nopealla aikataululla. Raporttien ja seurantatyökalujen kehittäminen tietojärjestelmässä on ensisijaisen tärkeää, että voidaan mitata tuloksia ja asettaa tavoitteita. Varastoinnin painopisteen siirtäminen valmistuotevarastosta puolivalmis-tasolle tulee toteuttaa kuluvan vuoden aikana. Avainsanoja läpäisyajan lyhentämisessä tilausohjautuvassa tuotannossa ovat nopea tilausten aloittaminen, turhien alkuvaiheiden poistaminen, nopea leikkuu, töiden visuaalinen ohjaaminen, sähköisten kotiinkutsumenettelyiden kehittäminen ja toimittajayhteistyö. Varasto-ohjautuvilla tuotteilla taas puolivalmisteet, imuohjausmenettelyt ainakin puolivalmisteiden tekemisen ohjauksessa, vedossuunnittelun ja hienokuormituksen yksinkertaistaminen ja luonnollisesti kaikki materiaalinohjausta parantavat toimenpiteet. Konsignaatiovarastojen käyttö päälliskangasvarastossa alentaisi huomattavasti vaihto-omaisuuden määrää. Kehittämiskohteet on valittu, kehittämistyö on aloitettu ja toimintamallit luotu, Niiden impelementointi ja tietojärjestelmän loppuun kehittäminen vaativat vielä työtä, mutta saavutettavat hyödyt ovat suuret ja turvaavat tehtaan menestymisen tulevaisuudessakin.

Viirojen vedenpoistokyvyn ja markkeeraavuuden analysointi HSRT-laitteistolla

Tässä diplomityössä tutkittiin eri tyyppisten viirojen vedenpoisto-ominaisuuksia ja markkeeraavuutta HSRT-laitteistolla. Tarkoitus oli myös selvittää muodostuvan paperiarkin rakennetta ja HSRT-laitteiston soveltuvuutta viiravertailuun. Työn kirjallisuusosassa käsitellään märkäviiroja sekä niiden valmistamista, valintaa eri kriteerein, kulumista ja puhdistamista. Lisäksi käsitellään viirojen markkeeraavuutta ja viiraosan vedenpoistoa. Sekä vedenpoistokyvyn että markkeeraavuuden osalta tulokset olivat niin tasaiset eri suureiden suhteen, ettei etenkään sisäviirojen välillä saatu näkyviin selviä eroja. Markkeeraavuuden osalta laitteiston ominaisuutena näyttäisi olevan se, ettei sisäviiran puoleinen markkeeraus näy arkissa. Tästä syystä vertailut DPCJ-laitteen ja koepaperikoneen tuloksiin olivat mahdottomia. Sen sijaan ulkoviiran puolella markkeeraus oli havaittavissa useimmissa tapauksissa. Tutkimuksen perusteella vaikuttaa kuitenkin siltä, ettei HSR-Tester sovellu viirojen vedenpoistonkyvyn ja markkeeraavuuden vertailuun.

Männyn käytön vaikutukset paperi- ja kartonkihiokkeen raaka-aineena

Diplomityössä seurattiin ensiharvennusmännyn koekäyttöä painehiokkeen valmistuksessa Stora Enson Anjalankosken tehtailla. Tavoitteena oli selvittää, mitä laadullisia ja taloudellisia vaikutuksia ensiharvennusmännyllä on mekaanisen massan valmistukseen ja lopputuotteeseen, kun sitä annostellaan kuusen joukkoon. Prosessin uuteainepitoisuus nousi pääosin mäntyajon aikana. Paperista ja kartongista määritettyjen uuteainepitoisuuksien mukaan rasva- ja hartsihappopitoisuus nousi 5 % -mäntyajon aikana 15 % ja 20 % -mäntyajon aikana noin 60 % referenssitasosta. Selvimmin uuteainepitoisuuksien kasvu havaittiin hiomakoneiden suihkuvesistä ja annosteluhiokkeista. Männyn vaikutus näkyi myös prosessin kohonneena sameutena ja varaustilana. Hiokkeen bulkki oli jokaisella hiomalinjalla mäntykoeajon aikana hieman suurempi kuin referenssijaksolla. 20 % -mäntyajon aikana havaittiin myös laskua hiokkeen lujuuksissa. Yhdellä paperikoneella havaittiin märkäviirojen värjääntymistä ja tukkeutumista mäntyajon aikana. Tutkimuksen mukaan ensiharvennusmäntyä voidaan käyttää 5 % kuusen joukossa ilman, että suuria muutoksia prosessissa tai lopputuotteiden laadussa havaitaan. Männyn käytöllä voidaan saavuttaa puun hankintakustannuksissa säästöä noin 1,2 euroa/hioketonni.

Computational and Experimental Investigation of the Grooved Roll in Paper Machine Environment

In the paper machine, it is not a desired feature for the boundary layer flows in the fabric and the roll surfaces to travel into the closing nips, creating overpressure. In this thesis, the aerodynamic behavior of the grooved roll and smooth rolls is compared in order to understand the nip flow phenomena, which is the main reason why vacuum and grooved roll constructions are designed. A common method to remove the boundary layer flow from the closing nip is to use the vacuum roll construction. The downside of the use of vacuum rolls is high operational costs due to pressure losses in the vacuum roll shell. The deep grooved roll has the same goal, to create a pressure difference over the paper web and keep the paper attached to the roll or fabric surface in the drying pocket of the paper machine. A literature review revealed that the aerodynamic functionality of the grooved roll is not very well known. In this thesis, the aerodynamic functionality of the grooved roll in interaction with a permeable or impermeable wall is studied by varying the groove properties. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are utilized as the research tool. The simulations have been performed with commercial fluid dynamics software, ANSYS Fluent. Simulation results made with 3- and 2-dimensional fluid dynamics models are compared to laboratory scale measurements. The measurements have been made with a grooved roll simulator designed for the research. The variables in the comparison are the paper or fabric wrap angle, surface velocities, groove geometry and wall permeability. Present-day computational and modeling resources limit grooved roll fluid dynamics simulations in the paper machine scale. Based on the analysis of the aerodynamic functionality of the grooved roll, a grooved roll simulation tool is proposed. The smooth roll simulations show that the closing nip pressure does not depend on the length of boundary layer development. The surface velocity increase affects the pressure distribution in the closing and opening nips. The 3D grooved roll model reveals the aerodynamic functionality of the grooved roll. With the optimal groove size it is possible to avoid closing nip overpressure and keep the web attached to the fabric surface in the area of the wrap angle. The groove flow friction and minor losses play a different role when the wrap angle is changed. The proposed 2D grooved roll simulation tool is able to replicate the grooved aerodynamic behavior with reasonable accuracy. A small wrap angle predicts the pressure distribution correctly with the chosen approach for calculating the groove friction losses. With a large wrap angle, the groove friction loss shows too large pressure gradients, and the way of calculating the air flow friction losses in the groove has to be reconsidered. The aerodynamic functionality of the grooved roll is based on minor and viscous losses in the closing and opening nips as well as in the grooves. The proposed 2D grooved roll model is a simplification in order to reduce computational and modeling efforts. The simulation tool makes it possible to simulate complex paper machine constructions in the paper machine scale. In order to use the grooved roll as a replacement for the vacuum roll, the grooved roll properties have to be considered on the basis of the web handling application.

Agility in international fast fashion retailing

The birth of Internet technologies, the developments of fast fashion and multiple retailing channels have created a need for a new, more integrated way for doing retailing. Agility in fast fashion retailing could be seen as a significant way of responding to these changes and furthermore, as a way to respond to consumers’ altering demands. The purpose of this study was to explore the ways in which agile supply chains and integrated multichannel retailing influence the international fast fashion retailing. A framework for agility in retail was developed based on available theoretical considerations in distribution and communication channels. Qualitative research methods and qualitative content analysis were used. Four expert interviews were carried out to gain new perspectives to the objectives. The rest of the data was collected from an industry specific document, expert video and two expert lectures. Following the data collection, the research material was analyzed with qualitative content analysis. The empirical findings on agility in retail were presented based on a coding frame. It was found that agility in retail has multiple parts, which are overlapping and affecting one another. Furthermore, instead of viewing the agile supply chain and integrated multichannel retailing separately of each other as usual, it was found that they should be integrated, and the term “agility” was proposed to denote this approach. Also, it was found that the most common drivers and constrains of integrated multichannel retailing were the new Internet technologies and customer demand. Brick-and-mortar store, online store, mobile devices and social media were found to be the most common retailing channels. Furthermore, in-store technology, click-and-collect approach, NFC-buying, RFID-technology as well as 3D- digital simulations on fabrics and patterns will enhance agility even more in the future. In addition, environmental issues, customer experiences and communication will be important factors. This study has provided new practical insights for the future retailing. Furthermore, it has contributed to the academic research by discussing the traditional approaches of agility in fast fashion retail and bringing in new insights.

Structure-related magnetic fabric studies : implications for deformed and undeformed Precambrian rocks

The aim of this thesis research was to gain a better understanding of the emplacement of rapakivi granite intrusions, as well as the emplacement of gold-bearing hydrothermal fluids in structurally controlled mineralizations. Based on investigations of the magnetic fabric, the internal structures could be analysed and the intrusion mechanisms for rapakivi granite intrusions and respectively different deformation stages within gold-bearing shear and fault zones identified. Aeromagnetic images revealed circular structures within the rapakivi granite batholiths of Wiborg, Vehmaa and Åland. These circular structures represent intrusions that eventually build up these large batholiths. The rapakivi granite intrusions of Vehmaa, Ruotsinpyhtää within the Wiborg batholith and Saltvik intrusions within the Åland batholith all show bimodal magnetic susceptibilities with paramagnetic and ferromagnetic components. The distribution of the bimodality is related to different magma batches of the studied intrusions. The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) reveals internal structures that cannot be studied macroscopically or by microscope. The Ruotsinpyhtää and Vehmaa intrusions represent similar intrusion geometries, with gently to moderately outward dipping magnetic foliations. In the case of Vehmaa, the magnetic lineations are gently plunging and trend in the directions of the slightly elongated intrusion. The magnetic lineations represent magma flow. The shapes of the AMS ellipsoids are also more planar (oblate) in the central part of the intrusion, whereas they become more linear (prolate) near the margin. These AMS results, together with field observations, indicate that the main intrusion mechanism has involved the subsidence of older blocks with successive intrusion of fractionated magma during repeated cauldron subsidence. The Saltvik area within the Åland batholith consists of a number of smaller elliptical intrusions of different rapakivi types forming a multiple intrusive complex. The magnetic fabric shows a general westward dipping of the pyterlite and eastward dipping of the contiguous even-grained rapakivi granite, which indicates a central inflow of magma batches towards the east and west resulting from a laccolitic emplacement of magma batches, while the main mechanism for space creation was derived from subsidence. The magnetic fabric of structurally controlled gold potential shear and fault zones in Jokisivu, Satulinmäki and Koijärvi was investigated in order to describe the internal structures and define the deformation history and emplacement of hydrothermal fluids. A further aim of the research was to combine AMS studies with palaeomagnetic methods to constrain the timing for the shearing event relative to the precipitation of ferromagnetic minerals and gold. All of the studied formations are dominated by monoclinic pyrrhotite. The AMS directions generally follow the tectonic structures within the formations. However, internal variations in the AMS direction as well as the shapes of the AMS ellipsoids are observed within the shear zones. In Jokisivu and Satulinmäki in particular, the magnetic signatures of the shear zone core differ from the margins. Furthermore, the shape of the magnetic fabric in the shear zone core of Jokisivu is dominated by oblate shapes, whereas the margins exhibit prolate shapes. These variations indicate a later effect of the hydrothermal fluids on the general shear event. The palaeo-magnetic results reveal a deflection from the original Svecofennian age geomagnetic direction. These results, coupled with correlations between the orientation of the NRM vectors and the magnetic and rock fabrics, imply that the gold-rich hydrothermal fluids were emplaced pre/syntectonically during the late stages of the Svecofennian orogeny.

e-Business and collaboration: A case study of pulp supply chain

This thesis studies how the case company could digitalize its supply chain and what kind of advantages this would create in the light of supply chain efficiency. The case company manufactures several pulp products that are used for paper, fabrics and packaging products by customers worldwide. The paper and pulp industry has been paying more and more attention to increasing supply chain efficiency with new operating and service models made possible by today’s information technology. The main focus of this study is on the supply chain between the case company and its key customers and the goal is to find ways to make the operations between them as efficient as possible. The study relays heavily on collaboration techniques and digitalization technologies. In addition to a theoretical framework, the study includes several empirical studies that offer real-life examples of how these theories and technologies are applied in operating environments similar to the case company. A plan with strategic and operational levels is created according to the findings of the previous sections to support the case company’s future operations. The plan is based on an RFID-supported collaboration model that aims to advance information sharing between the supply chain partners. The time for an RFID-investment is sought to be very optimal and the benefits of such system to be noteworthy, but challenging to measure in monetary terms.