Converter-Fed Induction Motor Losses: Determination With IEC Methods

Energy efficiency is an important topic when considering electric motor drives market. Although more efficient electric motor types are available, the induction motor remains as the most common industrial motor type. IEC methods for determining losses and efficiency of converter-fed induction motors were introduced recently with the release of technical specification IEC/TS 60034-2-3. Determining the induction motor losses with IEC/TS 60034-2-3 method 2-3-A and assessing the practical applicability of the method are the main interests of this study. The method 2-3-A introduces a specific test converter waveform to be used in the measurements. Differences between the induction motor losses with a test converter supply, and with a DTC converter supply are investigated. In the IEC methods, the tests are run at motor rated fundamental voltage, which, in practice, requires the frequency converter to be fed with a risen input voltage. In this study, the tests are run on both frequency converters with artificially risen converter input voltage, resulting in rated motor fundamental input voltage as required by IEC. For comparison, the tests are run with both converters on normal grid input voltage supply, which results in lower motor fundamental voltage and reduced flux level, but should be more relevant from practical point of view. According to IEC method 2-3-A, tests are run at rated motor load, and to ensure comparability of the results, the rated load is used in the grid-fed converter measurements, although motor is overloaded while producing the rated torque at reduced flux level. The IEC 2-3-A method requires also sinusoidal supply test results with IEC method 2-1-1B. Therefore, the induction motor losses with the recently updated IEC 60034-2-1 method 2-1-1B are determined at the motor rated voltage, but also at two lower motor voltages, which are according to the output fundamental voltages of the two network-supplied converters. The method 2-3-A was found to be complex to apply but the results were stable. According to the results, the method 2-3-A and the test converter supply are usable for comparing losses and efficiency of different induction motors at the operating point of rated voltage, rated frequency and rated load, but the measurements do not give any prediction of the motor losses at final application. One might therefore strongly criticize the method’s main principles. It seems, that the release of IEC 60034-2-3 as a technical specification instead of a final standard for now was justified, since the practical relevance of the main method is questionable.

Improving business processes in a globally dispersed make-to-order supply chain. Case study on outbound logistics in a Multinational Corporation

The purpose of this thesis is to find out how outbound logistics process can be improved by reducing unnecessary waste in a globally dispersed make-to-order (MTO) supply chain. The research problem was addressed by a multinational corporation that aims to find a solution for reducing unnecessary waste in their outbound logistics process. The focus is on customized products that are delivered via sea transportation. Theoretical framework for improving outbound logistics processes in globally dispersed MTO supply chain was created based on business process management, Porter’s value chain theory, value stream mapping and current reality tree. The empirical research was conducted by using constructive approach due to its ability to research a practical problem and to improve the existing practices. The data was collected from ten semi-structured interviews and three non-participant observations. By analysing the data and applying the theoretical framework, five types of waste were detected in the process that were seen to derive from six root causes. Practical solution was constructed to reduce the waste in the process by combining the existing literature with the ideas raising from empirical data. The results of this thesis suggest that a MNC with a globally dispersed MTO supply chain can improve its outbound logistics process by applying activities that enhance internal and external integration, collaboration and coordination, and increase predictability of the process. This research has practical relevance both for the case company as well as for other MNCs with globally dispersed MTO supply chains that aim to improve their outbound logistics processes. This research contributes to the BPM and CRA research by providing an evidence for their applicability in the new context.

Lihahygienialainsäädännön omavalvontasäädökset ja käytäntö Oy Snellman Ab:n teurastamossa ja leikkaamossa, osa I Osa 1 : Owncontrol directions in meat hygiene legislation and their practical implementation in the slaughterhouse and cutting plant of Snellman Ltd, part I

Summary: Owncontrol directions in meat hygiene legislation and their practical implementation in the slaughterhouse and cutting plant of Snellman Ltd, part I

A practical right-sided incisional gastropexy technique for treatment or prevention of gastric dilatation volvulus

Yhteenveto: Käytännöllinen oikeanpuoleinen viiltogastropeksia mahalaukun laajentumisen ja kiertymisen hoitona tai ennaltaehkäisynä

Practical applications of a systematic approach to the chemical abatement of pollutants in water and air

The present dissertation is devoted to the systematic approach to the development of organic toxic and refractory pollutants abatement by chemical decomposition methods in aqueous and gaseous phases. The systematic approach outlines the basic scenario of chemical decomposition process applications with a step-by-step approximation to the most effective result with a predictable outcome for the full-scale application, confirmed by successful experience. The strategy includes the following steps: chemistry studies, reaction kinetic studies in interaction with the mass transfer processes under conditions of different control parameters, contact equipment design and studies, mathematical description of the process for its modelling and simulation, processes integration into treatment technology and its optimisation, and the treatment plant design. The main idea of the systematic approach for oxidation process introduction consists of a search for the most effective combination between the chemical reaction and the treatment device, in which the reaction is supposed to take place. Under this strategy,a knowledge of the reaction pathways, its products, stoichiometry and kinetics is fundamental and, unfortunately, often unavailable from the preliminary knowledge. Therefore, research made in chemistry on novel treatment methods, comprisesnowadays a substantial part of the efforts. Chemical decomposition methods in the aqueous phase include oxidation by ozonation, ozone-associated methods (O3/H2O2, O3/UV, O3/TiO2), Fenton reagent (H2O2/Fe2+/3+) and photocatalytic oxidation (PCO). In the gaseous phase, PCO and catalytic hydrolysis over zero valent ironsare developed. The experimental studies within the described methodology involve aqueous phase oxidation of natural organic matter (NOM) of potable water, phenolic and aromatic amino compounds, ethylene glycol and its derivatives as de-icing agents, and oxygenated motor fuel additives ¿ methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) ¿ in leachates and polluted groundwater. Gas-phase chemical decomposition includes PCO of volatile organic compounds and dechlorination of chlorinated methane derivatives. The results of the research summarised here are presented in fifteenattachments (publications and papers submitted for publication and under preparation).

Delivery of European Cross-Border Health Care and the Relevance and Effects of EU Regulations and Judicial Processes with Reference to Delivery of Drugs and Blood Donor Information Material.

Valtion rajat ylittävät terveyspalvelut Euroopan unionissa sekä Euroopan unionin säädösten merkitys ja vaikutus erityisesti lääkejakeluun ja verenluovuttajille jaettavaan tiedotusaineistoon Valtion rajat ylittävä terveydenhuolto on suuren kiinnostuksen kohteena Euroopan unionissa. Resurssien hyödyntäminen parhaalla mahdollisella tavalla ja tiedon keskittäminen ovat tarpeen terveydenhuollon kustannusten alati noustessa. Terveydenhuoltopalvelut kuuluvat Euroopan sisämarkkinoiden vapaan liikkuvuuden piiriin. Euroopan unionilla ei ole kuitenkaan toimivaltaa säädellä terveydenhuoltojärjestelmiä, vaan sen mahdollisuudet ovat enimmäkseen kansanterveyden edistämisessä ja suojelussa, myös muilla toimialueilla kuin terveydenhuollossa. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tutkia Euroopan unionin säädösten vaikutusta terveydenhuoltosektoriin, erityisesti valtion rajat ylittäviin terveydenhuoltopalveluihin. Erityiskohteena olivat lääkemääräyksen toimittaminen toisen Euroopan unionin jäsenmaan apteekista, resepti-lääkkeiden maahantuonti omaan henkilökohtaiseen käyttöön, sähköisen lääkemääräyksen käyttö kansallisesti ja mahdollisuudet sen käyttöön eri jäsenmaiden välillä, online-apteekkien soveltuvuus Euroopan unionin sisämarkkinoille sekä verenluovuttajille jaettavan tiedotusaineiston yhtenäistämistarve Euroopan unionin alueella. Tutkimuksen osa-alueiden aineisto koottiin vuosina 1999–2003, jolloin Euroopan unioniin kuului 15 jäsenmaata. Apteekit toimittivat useimmiten myös ei-kansalliset, toisessa Euroopan unionin jäsenmaassa annetut lääkemääräykset. Kaikki jäsenmaat rajoittivat lääkemääräyksen vaativien lääkkeiden maahantuontia. Rajoituksia oli maahantuontimäärissä ja -tavoissa. Lisäksi sairasvakuutuskorvausten saaminen ulkomailla lunastetuista reseptilääkkeistä oli hankalaa. Sähköiset lääkemääräykset olivat käytössä vain kahdessa maassa, mutta useissa maissa suunniteltiin niiden kokeilua. Standardit ja käyttöjärjestelmät olivat erilaisia eri maissa. Euroopan unionin alueelle on perustettu online-apteekkeja, joiden toiminta on kuitenkin vaatimatonta. Verenluovuttajille annettava tiedotusaineisto ei missään maassa täyttänyt veridirektiivin vaatimuksia. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittivat kansallisten käytäntöjen eroavaisuuksien rajoittavan valtion rajat ylittäviä terveydenhuoltopalveluita. Vaikka Euroopan unionin tavoitteena ei ole yhtenäistää terveydenhuoltojärjestelmiä, on tarpeen arvioida uudelleen unionin ja jäsenmaiden välistä työnjakoa. Kansalliset terveydenhuoltojärjestelmät eivät ole erillään Euroopan sisämarkkinoista, jotka merkittävästi vaikuttavat terveydenhuoltoon.

Practical Solutions for Increased Safety in Paper Mill Operations

Tämä diplomityö käsittelee työterveys- ja työturvallisuushallinnan (TTT) sekä ympäristönsuojelun ongelmia ja riskejä, joita tehdasalueen toiminnanharjoittaja kohtaa ulkoistaessaan tehdastoimintojaan ja siirtyessään käyttämään 24 h ulkoisia kunnossapitopalveluja. Teoriaosa selventää ulkoistukseen liittyviä lainmukaisia määräyksiä ja vaatimuksia koskien terveyden, turvallisuuden ja ympäristöongelmien hallintaa sellu-, paperi- ja kartonkitehtaissa Euroopassa, Yhdysvalloissa ja Suomessa. TTT-toiminnan tason sekä ympäristönsuojelun tason mittaamisen ongelmat tuodaan esille. Olemassa olevia kansainvälisiä TTT-johtamisjärjestelmien ja ympäristöjärjestelmien standardeja, riskien hallintatyökaluja ja ohjelmia esitellään lyhyesti. Käytännön osa toteutettiin tapaustutkimuksena, jonka kohteena oli Äänekosken tehdaskombinaatti ja kemianteollisuuden laitos, Noviant CMC Oy. TTT-hallintatoimien ja ympäristönsuojelun ongelmia tutkitaan tehdastoimintoja ulkoistettaessa. Integroidun johtamisjärjestelmän auditointimenettelyt, ulkoistuksen kohdealueet, pk-yrityksien riskien hallinta ja ulkoisten työntekijöiden turvallisuuskoulutus ovat erityisen tarkastelun alla. Käyttäen hyväksi kerättyä TTT- ja ympäristöaineistoa, suunniteltiin malli ja sisältöehdotus uudelle internet-selain tyyppiselle työkalulle TTT- ja ympäristöasioiden hallinnan avuksi. Työkalu on tarkoitettu palvelemaan Noviant CMC Oy:n eri sidosryhmien tarpeita. Diplomityön käytännön osa muodostaa pohjan JP MILLSAFE - pilottiprojektille, joka käynnistettiin internet-selain tyyppisen turvallisuuspalvelusovelluksen kehittämiseksi palvelemaan Äänekosken tehdaskombinaatin eri sidosryhmien tarpeita.

A Practical Micro Mechanical Model Based Local Approach Methodology for the Analysis of Ductile Fracture of Welded T-Joints

This thesis concentrates on developing a practical local approach methodology based on micro mechanical models for the analysis of ductile fracture of welded joints. Two major problems involved in the local approach, namely the dilational constitutive relation reflecting the softening behaviour of material, and the failure criterion associated with the constitutive equation, have been studied in detail. Firstly, considerable efforts were made on the numerical integration and computer implementation for the non trivial dilational Gurson Tvergaard model. Considering the weaknesses of the widely used Euler forward integration algorithms, a family of generalized mid point algorithms is proposed for the Gurson Tvergaard model. Correspondingly, based on the decomposition of stresses into hydrostatic and deviatoric parts, an explicit seven parameter expression for the consistent tangent moduli of the algorithms is presented. This explicit formula avoids any matrix inversion during numerical iteration and thus greatly facilitates the computer implementation of the algorithms and increase the efficiency of the code. The accuracy of the proposed algorithms and other conventional algorithms has been assessed in a systematic manner in order to highlight the best algorithm for this study. The accurate and efficient performance of present finite element implementation of the proposed algorithms has been demonstrated by various numerical examples. It has been found that the true mid point algorithm (a = 0.5) is the most accurate one when the deviatoric strain increment is radial to the yield surface and it is very important to use the consistent tangent moduli in the Newton iteration procedure. Secondly, an assessment of the consistency of current local failure criteria for ductile fracture, the critical void growth criterion, the constant critical void volume fraction criterion and Thomason's plastic limit load failure criterion, has been made. Significant differences in the predictions of ductility by the three criteria were found. By assuming the void grows spherically and using the void volume fraction from the Gurson Tvergaard model to calculate the current void matrix geometry, Thomason's failure criterion has been modified and a new failure criterion for the Gurson Tvergaard model is presented. Comparison with Koplik and Needleman's finite element results shows that the new failure criterion is fairly accurate indeed. A novel feature of the new failure criterion is that a mechanism for void coalescence is incorporated into the constitutive model. Hence the material failure is a natural result of the development of macroscopic plastic flow and the microscopic internal necking mechanism. By the new failure criterion, the critical void volume fraction is not a material constant and the initial void volume fraction and/or void nucleation parameters essentially control the material failure. This feature is very desirable and makes the numerical calibration of void nucleation parameters(s) possible and physically sound. Thirdly, a local approach methodology based on the above two major contributions has been built up in ABAQUS via the user material subroutine UMAT and applied to welded T joints. By using the void nucleation parameters calibrated from simple smooth and notched specimens, it was found that the fracture behaviour of the welded T joints can be well predicted using present methodology. This application has shown how the damage parameters of both base material and heat affected zone (HAZ) material can be obtained in a step by step manner and how useful and capable the local approach methodology is in the analysis of fracture behaviour and crack development as well as structural integrity assessment of practical problems where non homogeneous materials are involved. Finally, a procedure for the possible engineering application of the present methodology is suggested and discussed.

Machine Learning and Clinical Text. Supporting Health Information Flow

Fluent health information flow is critical for clinical decision-making. However, a considerable part of this information is free-form text and inabilities to utilize it create risks to patient safety and cost-­effective hospital administration. Methods for automated processing of clinical text are emerging. The aim in this doctoral dissertation is to study machine learning and clinical text in order to support health information flow.First, by analyzing the content of authentic patient records, the aim is to specify clinical needs in order to guide the development of machine learning applications.The contributions are a model of the ideal information flow,a model of the problems and challenges in reality, and a road map for the technology development. Second, by developing applications for practical cases,the aim is to concretize ways to support health information flow. Altogether five machine learning applications for three practical cases are described: The first two applications are binary classification and regression related to the practical case of topic labeling and relevance ranking.The third and fourth application are supervised and unsupervised multi-class classification for the practical case of topic segmentation and labeling.These four applications are tested with Finnish intensive care patient records.The fifth application is multi-label classification for the practical task of diagnosis coding. It is tested with English radiology reports.The performance of all these applications is promising. Third, the aim is to study how the quality of machine learning applications can be reliably evaluated.The associations between performance evaluation measures and methods are addressed,and a new hold-out method is introduced.This method contributes not only to processing time but also to the evaluation diversity and quality. The main conclusion is that developing machine learning applications for text requires interdisciplinary, international collaboration. Practical cases are very different, and hence the development must begin from genuine user needs and domain expertise. The technological expertise must cover linguistics,machine learning, and information systems. Finally, the methods must be evaluated both statistically and through authentic user-feedback.