Growth of and partitioning between shoot and storage root of carrot in a northern climate

Selostus: Porkkanan kasvu ja biomassan jakautuminen varastojuuren ja verson välillä pohjoisissa oloissa

Power Consumption in Carbon Capture and Storage Systems (CCS) and Possibilities to Reduce Power Consumption with Variable Speed Drives

The aim of this master´s thesis is to study which processes increase the auxiliary power consumption in carbon capture and storage processes and if it is possible to reduce the auxiliary power consumption with variable speed drives. Also the cost of carbon capture and storage is studied. Data about auxiliary power consumption in carbon capture is gathered from various studies and estimates made by various research centres. Based on these studies a view is presented how the power auxiliary power consumption is divided between different processes in carbon capture processes. In a literary study, the operation of three basic carbon capture systems is described. Also different methods to transport carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide storage options are described in this section. At the end of the thesis processes that consume most of the auxiliary power are defined and possibilities to reduce the auxiliary power consumption are evaluated. Cost of carbon capture, transport and storage are also evaluated at this point and in the case that the carbon capture and storage systems are fully deployed. According to the results, it can be estimated what are the processes are where variable speed drives can be used and what kind of cost and power consumption reduction could be achieved. Results also show how large a project carbon capture and storage is if it is fully deployed.

Towards sustainable Iron- and steelmaking with economic optimization

The iron and steelmaking industry is among the major contributors to the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide in the world. The rising levels of CO2 in the atmosphere and the global concern about the greenhouse effect and climate change have brought about considerable investigations on how to reduce the energy intensity and CO2 emissions of this industrial sector. In this thesis the problem is tackled by mathematical modeling and optimization using three different approaches. The possibility to use biomass in the integrated steel plant, particularly as an auxiliary reductant in the blast furnace, is investigated. By pre-processing the biomass its heating value and carbon content can be increased at the same time as the oxygen content is decreased. As the compression strength of the preprocessed biomass is lower than that of coke, it is not suitable for replacing a major part of the coke in the blast furnace burden. Therefore the biomass is assumed to be injected at the tuyere level of the blast furnace. Carbon capture and storage is, nowadays, mostly associated with power plants but it can also be used to reduce the CO2 emissions of an integrated steel plant. In the case of a blast furnace, the effect of CCS can be further increased by recycling the carbon dioxide stripped top gas back into the process. However, this affects the economy of the integrated steel plant, as the amount of top gases available, e.g., for power and heat production is decreased. High quality raw materials are a prerequisite for smooth blast furnace operation. High quality coal is especially needed to produce coke with sufficient properties to ensure proper gas permeability and smooth burden descent. Lower quality coals as well as natural gas, which some countries have in great volumes, can be utilized with various direct and smelting reduction processes. The DRI produced with a direct reduction process can be utilized as a feed material for blast furnace, basic oxygen furnace or electric arc furnace. The liquid hot metal from a smelting reduction process can in turn be used in basic oxygen furnace or electric arc furnace. The unit sizes and investment costs of an alternative ironmaking process are also lower than those of a blast furnace. In this study, the economy of an integrated steel plant is investigated by simulation and optimization. The studied system consists of linearly described unit processes from coke plant to steel making units, with a more detailed thermodynamical model of the blast furnace. The results from the blast furnace operation with biomass injection revealed the importance of proper pre-processing of the raw biomass as the composition of the biomass as well as the heating value and the yield are all affected by the pyrolysis temperature. As for recycling of CO2 stripped blast furnace top gas, substantial reductions in the emission rates are achieved if the stripped CO2 can be stored. However, the optimal recycling degree together with other operation conditions is heavily dependent on the cost structure of CO2 emissions and stripping/storage. The economical feasibility related to the use of DRI in the blast furnace depends on the price ratio between the DRI pellets and the BF pellets. The high amount of energy needed in the rotary hearth furnace to reduce the iron ore leads to increased CO2 emissions.

Methyl and ethyl chloride synthesis in microreactors

Methyl chloride is an important chemical intermediate with a variety of applications. It is produced today in large units and shipped to the endusers. Most of the derived products are harmless, as silicones, butyl rubber and methyl cellulose. However, methyl chloride is highly toxic and flammable. On-site production in the required quantities is desirable to reduce the risks involved in transportation and storage. Ethyl chloride is a smaller-scale chemical intermediate that is mainly used in the production of cellulose derivatives. Thus, the combination of onsite production of methyl and ethyl chloride is attractive for the cellulose processing industry, e.g. current and future biorefineries. Both alkyl chlorides can be produced by hydrochlorination of the corresponding alcohol, ethanol or methanol. Microreactors are attractive for the on-site production as the reactions are very fast and involve toxic chemicals. In microreactors, the diffusion limitations can be suppressed and the process safety can be improved. The modular setup of microreactors is flexible to adjust the production capacity as needed. Although methyl and ethyl chloride are important chemical intermediates, the literature available on potential catalysts and reaction kinetics is limited. Thus the thesis includes an extensive catalyst screening and characterization, along with kinetic studies and engineering the hydrochlorination process in microreactors. A range of zeolite and alumina based catalysts, neat and impregnated with ZnCl2, were screened for the methanol hydrochlorination. The influence of zinc loading, support, zinc precursor and pH was investigated. The catalysts were characterized with FTIR, TEM, XPS, nitrogen physisorption, XRD and EDX to identify the relationship between the catalyst characteristics and the activity and selectivity in the methyl chloride synthesis. The acidic properties of the catalyst were strongly influenced upon the ZnCl2 modification. In both cases, alumina and zeolite supports, zinc reacted to a certain amount with specific surface sites, which resulted in a decrease of strong and medium Brønsted and Lewis acid sites and the formation of zinc-based weak Lewis acid sites. The latter are highly active and selective in methanol hydrochlorination. Along with the molecular zinc sites, bulk zinc species are present on the support material. Zinc modified zeolite catalysts exhibited the highest activity also at low temperatures (ca 200 °C), however, showing deactivation with time-onstream. Zn/H-ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts had a higher stability than ZnCl2 modified H-Beta and they could be regenerated by burning the coke in air at 400 °C. Neat alumina and zinc modified alumina catalysts were active and selective at 300 °C and higher temperatures. However, zeolite catalysts can be suitable for methyl chloride synthesis at lower temperatures, i.e. 200 °C. Neat γ-alumina was found to be the most stable catalyst when coated in a microreactor channel and it was thus used as the catalyst for systematic kinetic studies in the microreactor. A binder-free and reproducible catalyst coating technique was developed. The uniformity, thickness and stability of the coatings were extensively characterized by SEM, confocal microscopy and EDX analysis. A stable coating could be obtained by thermally pretreating the microreactor platelets and ball milling the alumina to obtain a small particle size. Slurry aging and slow drying improved the coating uniformity. Methyl chloride synthesis from methanol and hydrochloric acid was performed in an alumina-coated microreactor. Conversions from 4% to 83% were achieved in the investigated temperature range of 280-340 °C. This demonstrated that the reaction is fast enough to be successfully performed in a microreactor system. The performance of the microreactor was compared with a tubular fixed bed reactor. The results obtained with both reactors were comparable, but the microreactor allows a rapid catalytic screening with low consumption of chemicals. As a complete conversion of methanol could not be reached in a single microreactor, a second microreactor was coupled in series. A maximum conversion of 97.6 % and a selectivity of 98.8 % were reached at 340°C, which is close to the calculated values at a thermodynamic equilibrium. A kinetic model based on kinetic experiments and thermodynamic calculations was developed. The model was based on a Langmuir Hinshelwood-type mechanism and a plug flow model for the microreactor. The influence of the reactant adsorption on the catalyst surface was investigated by performing transient experiments and comparing different kinetic models. The obtained activation energy for methyl chloride was ca. two fold higher than the previously published, indicating diffusion limitations in the previous studies. A detailed modeling of the diffusion in the porous catalyst layer revealed that severe diffusion limitations occur starting from catalyst coating thicknesses of 50 μm. At a catalyst coating thickness of ca 15 μm as in the microreactor, the conditions of intrinsic kinetics prevail. Ethanol hydrochlorination was performed successfully in the microreactor system. The reaction temperature was 240-340°C. An almost complete conversion of ethanol was achieved at 340°C. The product distribution was broader than for methanol hydrochlorination. Ethylene, diethyl ether and acetaldehyde were detected as by-products, ethylene being the most dominant by-product. A kinetic model including a thorough thermodynamic analysis was developed and the influence of adsorbed HCl on the reaction rate of ethanol dehydration reactions was demonstrated. The separation of methyl chloride using condensers was investigated. The proposed microreactor-condenser concept enables the production of methyl chloride with a high purity of 99%.

Cost-efficient virtual machine management : provisioning, admission control, and consolidation

One of the main challenges in Software Engineering is to cope with the transition from an industry based on software as a product to software as a service. The field of Software Engineering should provide the necessary methods and tools to develop and deploy new cost-efficient and scalable digital services. In this thesis, we focus on deployment platforms to ensure cost-efficient scalability of multi-tier web applications and on-demand video transcoding service for different types of load conditions. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) clouds provide Virtual Machines (VMs) under the pay-per-use business model. Dynamically provisioning VMs on demand allows service providers to cope with fluctuations on the number of service users. However, VM provisioning must be done carefully, because over-provisioning results in an increased operational cost, while underprovisioning leads to a subpar service. Therefore, our main focus in this thesis is on cost-efficient VM provisioning for multi-tier web applications and on-demand video transcoding. Moreover, to prevent provisioned VMs from becoming overloaded, we augment VM provisioning with an admission control mechanism. Similarly, to ensure efficient use of provisioned VMs, web applications on the under-utilized VMs are consolidated periodically. Thus, the main problem that we address is cost-efficient VM provisioning augmented with server consolidation and admission control on the provisioned VMs. We seek solutions for two types of applications: multi-tier web applications that follow the request-response paradigm and on-demand video transcoding that is based on video streams with soft realtime constraints. Our first contribution is a cost-efficient VM provisioning approach for multi-tier web applications. The proposed approach comprises two subapproaches: a reactive VM provisioning approach called ARVUE and a hybrid reactive-proactive VM provisioning approach called Cost-efficient Resource Allocation for Multiple web applications with Proactive scaling. Our second contribution is a prediction-based VM provisioning approach for on-demand video transcoding in the cloud. Moreover, to prevent virtualized servers from becoming overloaded, the proposed VM provisioning approaches are augmented with admission control approaches. Therefore, our third contribution is a session-based admission control approach for multi-tier web applications called adaptive Admission Control for Virtualized Application Servers. Similarly, the fourth contribution in this thesis is a stream-based admission control and scheduling approach for on-demand video transcoding called Stream-Based Admission Control and Scheduling. Our fifth contribution is a computation and storage trade-o strategy for cost-efficient video transcoding in cloud computing. Finally, the sixth and the last contribution is a web application consolidation approach, which uses Ant Colony System to minimize the under-utilization of the virtualized application servers.

Analysis and modelling of chemical looping combustion process with and without oxygen uncoupling

Effective control and limiting of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in energy production are major challenges of science today. Current research activities include the development of new low-cost carbon capture technologies, and among the proposed concepts, chemical combustion (CLC) and chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) have attracted significant attention allowing intrinsic separation of pure CO₂ from a hydrocarbon fuel combustion process with a comparatively small energy penalty. Both CLC and CLOU utilize the well-established fluidized bed technology, but several technical challenges need to be overcome in order to commercialize the processes. Therefore, development of proper modelling and simulation tools is essential for the design, optimization, and scale-up of chemical looping-based combustion systems. The main objective of this work was to analyze the technological feasibility of CLC and CLOU processes at different scales using a computational modelling approach. A onedimensional fluidized bed model frame was constructed and applied for simulations of CLC and CLOU systems consisting of interconnected fluidized bed reactors. The model is based on the conservation of mass and energy, and semi-empirical correlations are used to describe the hydrodynamics, chemical reactions, and transfer of heat in the reactors. Another objective was to evaluate the viability of chemical looping-based energy production, and a flow sheet model representing a CLC-integrated steam power plant was developed. The 1D model frame was succesfully validated based on the operation of a 150 kWth laboratory-sized CLC unit fed by methane. By following certain scale-up criteria, a conceptual design for a CLC reactor system at a pre-commercial scale of 100 MWth was created, after which the validated model was used to predict the performance of the system. As a result, further understanding of the parameters affecting the operation of a large-scale CLC process was acquired, which will be useful for the practical design work in the future. The integration of the reactor system and steam turbine cycle for power production was studied resulting in a suggested plant layout including a CLC boiler system, a simple heat recovery setup, and an integrated steam cycle with a three pressure level steam turbine. Possible operational regions of a CLOU reactor system fed by bituminous coal were determined via mass, energy, and exergy balance analysis. Finally, the 1D fluidized bed model was modified suitable for CLOU, and the performance of a hypothetical 500 MWth CLOU fuel reactor was evaluated by extensive case simulations.

Formation of nitrates in water in presence of formate and oxalate treated with pulsed corona discharge (PCD)

Tavallisten hapetusmenetelmien sijasta kehittyneitä hapetusmenetelmiä (AOP) on kehitetty yhä enemmän, jotta hapetusprosessista tulisi kannattavampi, tehokkaampi, ympäristöystävällisempi ja sitä voitaisiin hyödyntää laajalti eri paikoissa. Uusi teknologia, joka käyttää otsonia ja hydroksyyliradikaalia sähköimpulssien kanssa, on yksi mahdollinen tehokkaampi vedenkäsittelymentelmä. Kyseistä menetelmää kutsutaa pulsed corona discharge (PCD) -menetelmäksi, joka käyttää prosessissa muodostuvia otsonia ja hydroksyyliradikaalia hapettavina tekijöinä. Tässä työssä tutkittiin nitraatin muodostumista vedessä, kun vettä käsiteltiin PCD-laitteessa ja, kun oksalaatti- ja formaatti-ioneja oli sekoittuneina veteen. Nitraatteja muodostuu PCD–laitteessa veteen, kun ilman typpi reagoi hapettimina toimivien otsonin ja hydroksyyliradikaalin kanssa. Aiemmissa tutkimuksissa nitraatin muodostumisen on todistettu parantuvan, kun karboksyylihapot muurahais- ja oksaalihappo ovat sekoittuneina veteen. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkoituksena oli tutkia, miten formaatti- ja oksalaatti-ionien, joiden pitoisuudet olivat 0 ppm, 50 ppm ja 100 ppm, läsnäolo vedessä vaikuttaa nitraatin muodostumiseen. PCD-kokeista saadut näytteet analysoitiin ionikromatografilla. Kyseisessä tutkimuksessa nitraatin muodostuminen oli samansuuruista jokaisessa kokeessa hapetusajan kasvaessa samalla, kun otettujen näytteiden pH-arvot laskivat. Tuloksena voitiin pitää sitä, ettei formaatti- tai oksalaatti-ioneilla ollut vaikutusta nitraatti-ionien muodostumiseen.

3D Mesh Simplification. A survey of algorithms and CAD model simplification tests

Simplification of highly detailed CAD models is an important step when CAD models are visualized or by other means utilized in augmented reality applications. Without simplification, CAD models may cause severe processing and storage is- sues especially in mobile devices. In addition, simplified models may have other advantages like better visual clarity or improved reliability when used for visual pose tracking. The geometry of CAD models is invariably presented in form of a 3D mesh. In this paper, we survey mesh simplification algorithms in general and focus especially to algorithms that can be used to simplify CAD models. We test some commonly known algorithms with real world CAD data and characterize some new CAD related simplification algorithms that have not been surveyed in previous mesh simplification reviews.

Yhdyskuntalietteen käsittely ennen termistä kuivausta ja polttoa

Työn tavoitteena on kartoittaa yhdyskuntalietteen käsittelyä lietteenpolttolaitoksen tarpeita ajatellen. Lietteen käsittelytekniikoiden ja kuljetusvaihtoehtojen selvittäminen on siis työn keskeinen tavoite. Lisäksi otetaan selvää näiden tekijöiden kustannusrakenteesta. Yhdyskuntalietteen ominaisuuksien sekä käsittelyyn liittyvien ongelmakohtien valottaminen kuuluu samoin työn tavoitteisiin. Työssä tehdään muun ohella case-tarkastelua Kaakkois-Suomen alueeseen liittyen. Tavoitteena on muodostaa tarkoitukseen soveltuva lietteenkäsittelymalli kullekin tapaukselle. Työn alkuosassa tutustutaan yleisesti lietteeseen sekä polttoaineen että jätteen roolissa. Tarkastelu sisältää tietoja lietteen ominaisuuksista ja muodostuvista määristä sekä lietteenkäsittelyssä olennaisista lainsäädännöllisistä seikoista. Samoin katsastetaan hieman jäteve¬denpuhdistusprosessiin sekä näin ollen lietteen syntyyn. Lietteen esikäsittelyä, mekaanista vedenerotusta, termistä kuivausta ja polttoa tarkastellaan yleisessä valossa. Mekaanisen vedenerotuksen osalta myös eritellään ja vertaillaan laitteita. Etenkin linko, mutta myös suotonauhapuristin osoittautuivat erityisen sopiviksi kunnallisen lietteen käsittelyyn. Työn loppupuoliskolla kiinnitetään huomiota lietteen varastointiin sekä syöttö-ja purkumenetelmiin, lyhyen etäisyyden siirtoon ja pidemmän matkan kuljetukseen. Case-tapauksissa pohditaan Kymenlaakson ja Etelä-Karjalan paikallisia lietteenkäsittelymahdollisuuksia. Mekaanisesti kuivattua lietettä käsitellään kyseisissätapauksissa vuosittain 6000 t ja 15 000 t. Lietteen polton tuottama sähkö- ja lämpöteho näyttävät riippuvan voimakkaasti lietteen kuiva-ainepitoisuudesta, eivät niinkään lietteen muista ominaisuuksista. Lietteenkäsittelykustannukset tiivistetystä lietteestä termiseen kuivaukseen soveltuvaksi polttoaineeksi vaihtelevat10-20 \ lietetonnia kohden, riippuen käsittelyvaiheiden määrästä. Kustannuksia syntyy eniten mekaanisesta vedenerotuksesta ja varastoinnista.

Oman varastoinnin ja toimittajavarastoinnin vertailu - Case teollisuusyritys

Työn tavoitteena oli selvittää, kumpi kahdesta varastointitavasta, oma varastointi vai toimittajavarastointi, on tutkimuksen toimeksiantajayrityksen kannalta edullisempi vaihtoehto varastoida kunnossapidon varaosia. Tarkoituksena oli selvittää case-yrityksen oman varastoinnin aiheuttamat kustannukset ja verrata niitä toimittajavarastoinnin kustannuksiin. Varastointikustannuksia tarkasteltiin tutkimukseen valittujen varaosanimikkeiden avulla. Kyseessä oli kvalitatiivinen tutkimus, jossa aineistonkeruumenetelminä käytettiin haastatteluja ja erilaisia valmiita dokumentteja. Työn teoriaosassa käsiteltiin varastointia, varastoinnin ulkoistamista, toimittajavarastointia sekä varastoinnista aiheutuneita kustannuksia. Teoriaosa pohjautui aikaisempiin tutkimuksiin ja alan kirjallisuuteen. Empiirisessä osassa perehdyttiin tutkimuksen toimeksiantajayrityksen varaosien varastointiin sekä selvitettiin tarkasteluun valittujen varaosanimikkeiden osalta varastoinnista aiheutuneet kustannukset. Tutkimuksen tulosten pohjalta tehtiin taulukkolaskentaohjelmalla niin kutsuttu simulointimalli, jonka avulla tutkimuksen varastointikustannuksiin liittyviä laskelmia voidaan käyttää hyväksi myös case-yrityksen muiden varaosanimikkeiden kohdalla. Malli tarjoaa yksinkertaisen tavan kohdistaa varastointikustannuksia varaosanimikkeille. Mallin avulla on siis mahdollista saada suuntaa-antaviavastauksia oman varastoinnin ja toimittajavarastoinnin kannattavuuden vertailussa.

Wavelet Filter Parameterization for Compression of Spectral Images

Vaatimus kuvatiedon tiivistämisestä on tullut entistä ilmeisemmäksi viimeisen kymmenen vuoden aikana kuvatietoon perustuvien sovellutusten myötä. Nykyisin kiinnitetään erityistä huomiota spektrikuviin, joiden tallettaminen ja siirto vaativat runsaasti levytilaa ja kaistaa. Aallokemuunnos on osoittautunut hyväksi ratkaisuksi häviöllisessä tiedontiivistämisessä. Sen toteutus alikaistakoodauksessa perustuu aallokesuodattimiin ja ongelmana on sopivan aallokesuodattimen valinta erilaisille tiivistettäville kuville. Tässä työssä esitetään katsaus tiivistysmenetelmiin, jotka perustuvat aallokemuunnokseen. Ortogonaalisten suodattimien määritys parametrisoimalla on työn painopisteenä. Työssä todetaan myös kahden erilaisen lähestymistavan samanlaisuus algebrallisten yhtälöiden avulla. Kokeellinen osa sisältää joukon testejä, joilla perustellaan parametrisoinnin tarvetta. Erilaisille kuville tarvitaan erilaisia suodattimia sekä erilaiset tiivistyskertoimet saavutetaan eri suodattimilla. Lopuksi toteutetaan spektrikuvien tiivistys aallokemuunnoksen avulla.

TCF-valkaisimon laatuvaihtelun pienentäminen

Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli pienentää TCF-valkaisimon laatuvaihtelua ja vähentää kemikaaleista aiheutuvia kustannuksia. Työn kirjallisuusosassa tarkasteltiin valkaisuun vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Valkaisukemikaaleista olivat mukana TCF-valkaisussa käytettävät otsoni ja vetyperoksidi. Lisäksi selvitettiin metallien poistoa massasta sekä vesikierron sulkemisesta aiheutuvia ongelmia. Kokeellisessa osassa etsittiin Oy Metsä-Botnia Ab Rauman tehtaan valkaisuprosessin suurimmat laatuominaisuuksien vaihteluun vaikuttavat tekijät. Tavoitteena oli pienentää vaihtelua valmiin massan laatuominaisuuksissa sekä vähentää raaka-aineista ja kemikaaleista aiheutuvia kustannuksia laatuominaisuuksien tasoa laskematta. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin hyväksi Taguchi-menetelmää sekä monimuuttuja-analyysiä. Tutkimuksessa tehtiin kaksi Taguchi-koetta, joissa tutkittiin valkaisimon ensimmäistä otsonivaihetta sekä koko valkaisimoa. Otsonivaiheen merkittävimmiksi tekijöiksi osoittautuivat otsoniannos, otsonin väkevyys sekä pH. Kaikkia valkaisimon vaiheita tutkittaessa löydettiin merkittävimmiksi tekijöiksi ensimmäisen peroksidivaiheen lämpötila, vetyperoksidin jakaminen peroksidivaiheisiin, kelatointi sekä otsonivaiheen otsoniannos ja pH. Optimiajomallin avulla saatiin valkaisimon laatuvaihtelua pienennettyä. Kemikaalikustannuksiin vaikuttavista tekijöistä merkittävimmiksi osoittautuivat kelatoinnin vaikutus, vetyperoksidin annosteleminen molempiin vaiheisiin sekä ensimmäisen peroksidivaiheen lämpötila. Optimiajomallien avulla vetyperoksidikulutusta saatiin pienennettyä noin 24 %.

Otsonin käyttö paperin ja kartongin valmistuksen kiertovesien mikrobiologisen tilan hallintaan

Diplomityössä tutkittiin otsonin käytön soveltuvuutta ja etsittiin optimaalista soveltamistapaa kartonki- ja paperikoneen kiertoveden mikrobiologisen tilan hallintaan. Kirjallisuusosassa selvitettiin otsonin tuotannon nykytekniikkaa sekä otettiin selvää saatavilla olevista kapasiteetiltaan riittävistä otsonigeneraattoreista. Kirjallisuuden perusteella selvitettiin myös otsonin reaktioita paperi- ja kartonkikoneen kiertovesissä olevien orgaanisten ja epäorgaanisten aineiden kanssa. Lisäksi käsiteltiin otsonin käytön eri sovelluksia vedenpuhdistuksessa sekä perehdyttiin aikaisemmin tehtyihin tutkimuksiin otsonin käytöstä mikrobitorjuntaan paperi- ja kartonkikoneiden kiertovesistä. Kokeellisessa osassa määritettiin sopiva otsoniannos valkaisematonta sellua käyttävän koneen kiekkosuotimen kirkkaalle ja samealle suodokselle. Vesien otsonointi suoritettiin otsonipilotlaitteistolla. Työssä tutkittiin otsonoinnin vaikutusta kiertoveden mikrobiologisiin ja kemiallisiin ominaisuuksiin. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin kiertoveden otsonoinnin vaikutuksia koepaperikoneella valkaisemattomasta sel-lusta ja hylkymassasta valmistettujen lopputuotteiden laatuun. Työssä arvioitiin myös otsonin käytön mahdollisuutta osittain korvaamaan jo käytössä olevia hapettavia biosidejä. Samealle suodokselle sopivaksi otsoniannokseksi osoittautui 120 mg O3/l (0,3 mg O3/mg CODCr) ja kirkkaalle suodokselle riittävä annos olisi 60 mg O3/l (0,2 mg/mg CODCr). Näillä annoksilla kiertoveden mikrobireduktiot olivat 98–100 %. Kiertoveden hapetuskyky kasvoi 9-14 % ja pH laski yhdellä yksiköllä otsonoinnin vaikutuksesta. Kiertoveden kemiallisiin ominaisuuksiin otsonoinnilla oli edullinen vaikutus, sillä veden sameus, kiintoaine- ja CODCr-pitoisuudet laskivat. Koepaperikoneella havaittiin perälaatikon ilmapitoisuuden vähentyneen jopa 49 % käytettäessä ot-sonoitua kiertovettä. Mikrobiologiset analyysit suoritettiin koepaperikoneen massalle, viiravedelle ja lopputuotteelle. Tutkimusten perusteella mikrobientorjunnan kannalta parhaimmaksi otsonin annos-telupaikaksi osoittautui samea suodos. Massan, viiraveden ja lopputuotteen mikrobimäärät alenivat selvästi. Kemialliset analyysit osoittivat, että kirkasta suodosta käytettäessä oli koepaperikoneen vii-raveden kemiallinen tila parantunut LK-aineen muuttuessa hydrofiilisemmäksi ja sen sitoutumisky-vyn parantuessa. Samealla suodoksella ei muutosta havaittu. Valkaisemattomasta sellusta ja päällystetystä hylystä koepaperikoneella valmistettujen lopputuotteiden lujuus- ja aistinvaraisissa ominaisuuksissa ei tapahtunut merkittävää muutosta. Tulosten perusteella otsonia voisi käyttää korvaamaan hinnaltaan kalliimpia hapettavia biosidejä. Otsonin etuna on, ettei sille resistenttejä mikrobikantoja ole. Kirjallisuuden perusteella otsonin heikkoutena on sen tehon paikallisuus eli otsonin lisänä on käytettävä jotain muuta sekundääristä biosidia ylläpitämään matala mikrobitaso otsonoinnin jälkeen.

Homogeneous Assays for Simplified Screening of HLA-conferred Genetic Disease Risk

The increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes has led researchers on a quest to find the reason behind this phenomenon. The rate of increase is too great to be caused simply by changes in the genetic component, and many environmental factors are under investigation for their possible contribution. These studies require, however, the participation of those individuals most likely to develop the disease, and the approach chosen by many is to screen vast populations to find persons with increased genetic risk factors. The participating individuals are then followed for signs of disease development, and their exposure to suspected environmental factors is studied. The main purpose of this study was to find a suitable tool for easy and inexpensive screening of certain genetic risk markers for type 1 diabetes. The method should be applicable to using whole blood dried on sample collection cards as sample material, since the shipping and storage of samples in this format is preferred. However, the screening of vast sample libraries of extracted genomic DNA should also be possible, if such a need should arise, for example, when studying the effect of newly discovered genetic risk markers. The method developed in this study is based on homogeneous assay chemistry and an asymmetrical polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The generated singlestranded PCR product is probed by lanthanide-labelled, LNA (locked nucleic acid)-spiked, short oligonucleotides with exact complementary sequences. In the case of a perfect match, the probe is hybridised to the product. However, if even a single nucleotide difference occurs, the probe is bound instead of the PCR product to a complementary quencher-oligonucleotide labelled with a dabcyl-moiety, causing the signal of the lanthanide label to be quenched. The method was applied to the screening of the well-known type 1 diabetes risk alleles of the HLA-DQB1 gene. The method was shown to be suitable as an initial screening step including thousands of samples in the scheme used in the TEDDY (The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young) study to identify those individuals at increased genetic risk. The method was further developed into dry-reagent form to allow an even simpler approach to screening. The reagents needed in the assay were in dry format in the reaction vessel, and performing the assay required only the addition of the sample and, if necessary, water to rehydrate the reagents. This allows the assay to be successfully executed even by a person with minimal laboratory experience.

Model based study of a calcium oxide looping process for post-combustion carbon dioxide capture

Calcium oxide looping is a carbon dioxide sequestration technique that utilizes the partially reversible reaction between limestone and carbon dioxide in two interconnected fluidised beds, carbonator and calciner. Flue gases from a combustor are fed into the carbonator where calcium oxide reacts with carbon dioxide within the gases at a temperature of 650 ºC. Calcium oxide is transformed into calcium carbonate which is circulated into the regenerative calciner, where calcium carbonate is returned into calcium oxide and a stream of pure carbon dioxide at a higher temperature of 950 ºC. Calcium oxide looping has proved to have a low impact on the overall process efficiency and would be easily retrofitted into existing power plants. This master’s thesis is done in participation to an EU funded project CaOling as a part of the Lappeenranta University of Technology deliverable, reactor modelling and scale-up tools. Thesis concentrates in creating the first model frame and finding the physically relevant phenomena governing the process.