The role of network externalities in value creating process of the commercial web service for two-sided international markets

Network externalities and two-sided markets in the context of web services and value creation is not very well discussed topic in academic literature. The explosive rise of the Internet users has created a strong base for many successful web services and pushed many firms towards e-business and online service based business models. Thus the subject of this thesis, the role of network externalities in value creating process of the commer-cial web service for two-sided international markets is very current and interesting topic to examine. The objective of this Master’s Thesis is to advance the study of network externalities from the viewpoint of two-sided markets and network effects as well as describe the value creation & value co-creation process in commercial web service business models. The main proposition suggests that the larger network of customers and the bigger number of users the web service is able to attract, the more value and stronger positive net-work externalities the service is able to create for each customer group. The empirical research of this study was implemented for commercial web service, targeted to Russian consumers and Finnish business users. The findings suggest that the size of the network is highly related to the experi-enced value of the customers and the whole value creation process of commercial web targeted for two-sided international markets varies from the value creation for one-sided or pure domestic markets.

Viikon albumi -haastattelu osana YleX-kanavan ohjelmatarjontaa

Nuorille suunnatut lähetysvirtaradioasemat käyvät Suomessa koko ajan tiukempaa taistelua kuuntelijoidensa huomiosta. Kuuntelijalukuja tarkastellaan miltei viikoittain ja kuuntelijoille tarjottavaa tuotetta pyritään kilpailun koventuessa koko ajan kehittämään. Yleisradiossa tapahtui viimeksi kanavauudistus vuonna 2003, jonka seurauksena Radiomafia -kanava sai uuden nimen YleX. Uudistuksessa radiokanavan kohdeyleisö tarkennettiin uudelleen ja kanavalla siirryttiin soittolistapohjaiseen radion tekemiseen, jossa kanavan musiikkia soitetaan etukäteen laaditulta soittolistalta. Kanavauudistusta kritisoitiin mediassa ja arkipuheessa, vaikka YleX -kanavan viikkokuulijamäärät lähtivät nousuun. Vieläkin YleX:n musiikkitarjontaa arvostellaan yksipuoliseksi ja samalla myös kanavan ohjelmat ovat joutuneet kritiikin kohteeksi. Opinnäytetyöni käsittelee viihdeartistihaastattelun tekemistä YleX-radiokanavalla. Työssäni YleX-kanavalla olen tehnyt viikoittaista viihdeartistihaastattelua, joka tunnetaan nimellä Viikon Albumi -haastattelu. Tämä haastattelu on osa arkipäiväistä YleX Tänään-ohjelmaa, missä sitä lähetetään maanantaisin kello 11.10. Omia haastatteluja reflektoimalla selvitin haastattelijan näkökulmasta, minkälaisin menetelmin nykyaikaisessa nopeatempoisessa lähetysvirtaradiossa syntyy mielenkiintoinen ja syvällinen viihdeartisti-haastattelu. Kuinka lähelle laadukkaan viihdehaastattelun tavoitteita on mahdollista päästä 15 minuutin Viikon Albumi -haastattelun aikana? Työssäni keskityn etenkin YleX:n haastatteluiden viihteelliseen luonteeseen ja nimenomaan viihdeartistin haastattelemiseen, jota on alan kirjallisuudessa käsitelty melko vähän. Viihdyttävän ja hauskan viihdeartistihaastattelun tekeminen on vaikea haastattelumuoto, jonka tekemistä pyrin valottamaan omien töideni avulla. Toivon, että työstäni on jatkossa hyötyä myös muille samankaltaisissa haastattelutilanteissa.

Hankintaprosessin suorituskyvyn mittaaminen

Tutkimuksen päätavoite oli kehittää teollisuusyrityksen hankintaprosessille kattavat suorituskykymittarit ja sillä pyrittiin vastaamaan kysymykseenMiten ERP -järjestelmän käyttäminen informaation lähteenä vaikuttaa hankintaprosessin suorituskyvyn mittaamiseen? Teoriaosassa paneuduttiin suorituskyvyn mittaamisen, hankintaprosessin suorituskyvyn mittaamisen sekä ERP -järjestelmän käsitteisiin ja keskeisiin ilmiöihin. Empiirisessä osassa keskityttiin kehittämään Paroc Groupin hankintaprosessille suorituskyvyn mittareita. Tavoitteeseen pyrittiin vastaamaan luomalla kolme raporttia Paroc Groupin hankintaprosessin mittaamiseen. Varastonimikkeiden kustannusseurantaraportissa seurataan kustannusten muutoksia varastokulutuksen perusteella, varastoraportissa varastontehokasta käyttöä ja toimittajaraportissa toimittajien laskutusta. Tutkittaessa ERP -järjestelmän ja hankintaprosessin suorituskyvyn mittaamisen yhteyttä ilmeni, että ERP -järjestelmä tarjoaa erittäin paljon tarkkaa ja aina samanmuotoista dataa. Toisaalta saatavan datan yksipuolisuus rajoittaa mittareiden valintaa. Mittaamisen nopeutta järjestelmä joiltain osilta lisää, toisilta ei. Tiedon saanti on kuitenkin aina säännöllistä.

Venäläisvetoinen yrittäjyys Suomessa

Venäjän maantieteellinen läheisyys ja kasvavat markkinat ovat yhä edelleen tärkeimpiä syitä suomalaisyritysten Venäjä-toiminnoille. Vuorovaikutus rajan yli ei kuitenkaan ole yksipuolista, vaan maantieteellisen läheisyyden vuoksi myös venäläisyritysten voisi olettaa pitävän Suomea luonnollisena vaihtoehtona kansainvälistymiselleen. Suomessa toimivissa venäläisyrityksissä on havaittavissa ominaispiirteitä, jotka erottavat ne kotimaisesta yritystoiminnasta. Samalla kuitenkin venäläisyritysten piirteet eivät ole yhteneviä muualla maailmassa havaittujen etnisten yritysten ominaisuuksien kanssa. Toisin kuin etniset yritykset yleensä, venäläiset yritykset eivät ole syntyneet julkisen tuen avustuksella, eivätkä ne toimi matalan kannattavuuden aloilla. Venäläisen yritystoiminnan rooli on merkittävä Suomen ja Venäjän välisessä kaupassa, ja samalla se tuo lisämausteensa suomalaiseen pienyrityskenttään.

Design and analysis of a transversal-flux switched-reluctance-linear-machine pole-pair

The Switched Reluctance technology is probably best suited for industrial low-speed or zerospeed applications where the power can be small but the torque or the force in linear movement cases might be relatively high. Because of its simple structure the SR-motor is an interesting alternative for low power applications where pneumatic or hydraulic linear drives are to be avoided. This study analyses the basic parts of an LSR-motor which are the two mover poles and one stator pole and which form the “basic pole pair” in linear-movement transversal-flux switchedreluctance motors. The static properties of the basic pole pair are modelled and the basic design rules are derived. The models developed are validated with experiments. A one-sided one-polepair transversal-flux switched-reluctance-linear-motor prototype is demonstrated and its static properties are measured. The modelling of the static properties is performed with FEM-calculations. Two-dimensional models are accurate enough to model the static key features for the basic dimensioning of LSRmotors. Three-dimensional models must be used in order to get the most accurate calculation results of the static traction force production. The developed dimensioning and modelling methods, which could be systematically validated by laboratory measurements, are the most significant contributions of this thesis.

Pienahitsin sijainnin vaikutus kuormaa kantamattoman T-liitoksen väsymiskestävyyteen

Hitsatuissa rakenteissa on paljon hitsien aiheuttamia epäjatkuvuuskohtia, jotka ovat alttiita vaurioitumaan väsyttävän kuormituksen alaisina. Standardit ja normit auttavat suunnittelua rakenneyksityiskohtien analysoinnissa, mutta ohjeiden arvot vaihtelevat paljon. Onkin tär-keää päättää, mitä standardia tai normia käytetään ja saada tutkimustuloksia tukemaan ohjeen käyttöä. Tämä työ on tehty Konecranes Finland Oy:lle. Työn tarkoituksena on etsiä käytössä olevi-en ohjeiden joukosta suunnittelun kannalta parhaiten todellista rakennetta kuvaava. Työssä esitellään käytössä olevia standardeja ja normeja sekä vertaillaan niiden välisiä eroja rakenneyksityiskohdan väsymiskestävyyden määrittämisessä. Työssä tarkastellaan myös hitsatun rakenteen väsymiseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä sekä väsymisanalyysissä käytet-täviä menetelmiä. Tutkittavaan liitokseen valittiin kolme erilaista hitsiä, yksi –ja kaksipuolinen pienahitsi sekä katkopienahitsi. Elementtimenetelmän avulla luotiin malleja koekappaleista ja laskettiin niille väsymiskestävyydet. Tämä lisäksi väsymistä tarkasteltiin väsytyskokeilla, jotka suoritti Lappeenrannan Teknillisen Yliopiston Teräsrakenteiden laboratorio. Lopputuloksena työstä saatiin tietoa hitsien väsymiskestävyyksistä. Liitosten väsymiskes-tävyydet olivat hyviä ja varsinkin katkopienahitsin tulokset olivat odotettua paremmat. Kat-kopienahitsin väsymiskestävyys vaatii tämän työn tulosten perusteella lisää tutkimista.

Strategic alliances as an international entry strategy: Finnish cleantech SMEs and the Indian market

The demand for environmental technologies, also called cleantech, is growing globally but the need is especially high in emerging markets such as India where the rising economy and rapid industrialisation have led to increasing energy needs and environmental degradation. The market is of great potential also for the Finnish cleantech cluster that represents advanced expertise in several fields of environmental technologies. However, most of the Finnish companies in the field are SMEs that face challenges in their internationalisation due to their limited resources. The objective of this study was to estimate, whether strategic alliances could be an efficient entry strategy for Finnish cleantech SMEs entering the Indian market. This was done by studying what are the key factors influencing the international entry mode decision of Finnish cleantech SMEs, what are the major factors affecting the entry of Finnish cleantech SMEs to the Indian market and how do Finnish cleantech SMEs use strategic alliances in their internationalisation process. The study was realised as a qualitative multi-case study through theme interviews of Finnish cleantech SME representatives. The results indicated that Finnish cleantech SMEs prefer to enter international markets through non-equity and collaborative modes of entry. These entry modes are chosen because of the small size and limited resources of companies, but also because they want to protect their innovative technologies from property rights violations. India is an attracting market for Finnish cleantech SMEs mainly because of its size and growth, but insufficient environmental regulation and high import tariffs have hindered entry to the market. Finnish cleantech SMEs commonly use strategic alliances in their internationalisation process but the use is rather one-sided. Most of the formed strategic alliances are low-commitment, international contractual agreement in sales and distribution. Alliance partner selection receives less attention. In the future, providing Finnish cleantech SMEs with international experience and training could help in diversifying the use of strategic alliances and increase their benefits to SME internationalisation.

Effect of ambient conditions on dimensional stability and stiffness of commercial paperboard and paperboard trays

The objective of this study was to develop laboratory test methods for characterizing the effects of changed moisture content on paperboard trays produced by press-forming process. Influence of moisture on the properties of unconverted paperboard such as bending stiffness, bursting strength, and curling was studied. Paperboard and tray samples were tested after storing in different relative humidity conditions (35, 50, 65, 80 and 95% RH). The effect of PE and PET extrusion coatings on these properties was also studied. It was found that increase in moisture content of paperboard decreases bending and bursting strength, dimensional stability and stiffness of paperboard trays. Such physical and mechanical properties as bending stiffness and curling of paperboard seem to define the stiffness of ready-made trays and their dimensional stability. Paperboards and trays with extruded PE and PET one sided coatings demonstrated higher strength properties but at the same time had lower dimensional stability comparing to uncoated paperboards. Samples with smaller polymer coat weight had better dimensional stability than respective samples with higher coat weight. It was also found that preconditioning of paperboard in lower humidity environment before press-forming could improve dimensional stability and stiffness of ready-made tray.

Defining Contexts in Context-Free Grammars

This thesis introduces an extension of Chomsky’s context-free grammars equipped with operators for referring to left and right contexts of strings.The new model is called grammar with contexts. The semantics of these grammars are given in two equivalent ways — by language equations and by logical deduction, where a grammar is understood as a logic for the recursive definition of syntax. The motivation for grammars with contexts comes from an extensive example that completely defines the syntax and static semantics of a simple typed programming language. Grammars with contexts maintain most important practical properties of context-free grammars, including a variant of the Chomsky normal form. For grammars with one-sided contexts (that is, either left or right), there is a cubic-time tabular parsing algorithm, applicable to an arbitrary grammar. The time complexity of this algorithm can be improved to quadratic,provided that the grammar is unambiguous, that is, it only allows one parsefor every string it defines. A tabular parsing algorithm for grammars withtwo-sided contexts has fourth power time complexity. For these grammarsthere is a recognition algorithm that uses a linear amount of space. For certain subclasses of grammars with contexts there are low-degree polynomial parsing algorithms. One of them is an extension of the classical recursive descent for context-free grammars; the version for grammars with contexts still works in linear time like its prototype. Another algorithm, with time complexity varying from linear to cubic depending on the particular grammar, adapts deterministic LR parsing to the new model. If all context operators in a grammar define regular languages, then such a grammar can be transformed to an equivalent grammar without context operators at all. This allows one to represent the syntax of languages in a more succinct way by utilizing context specifications. Linear grammars with contexts turned out to be non-trivial already over a one-letter alphabet. This fact leads to some undecidability results for this family of grammars

Organizational creativity – Hegemonic and alternative discourses

SUMMARY Organizational creativity – hegemonic and alternative discourses Over the course of recent developments in the societal and business environment, the concept of creativity has been brought into new arenas. The rise of ‘creative industries’ and the idea of creativity as a form of capital have attracted the interests of business and management professionals – as well as academics. As the notion of creativity has been adopted in the organization studies literature, the concept of organizational creativity has been introduced to refer to creativity that takes place in an organizational context. This doctoral thesis focuses on organizational creativity, and its purpose is to explore and problematize the hegemonic organizational creativity discourse and to provide alternative viewpoints for theorizing about creativity in organizations. Taking a discourse theory approach, this thesis, first, provides an outline of the currently predominant, i.e. hegemonic, discourse on organizational creativity, which is explored regarding themes, perspectives, methods and paradigms. Second, this thesis consists of five studies that act as illustrations of certain alternative viewpoints. Through these exemplary studies, this thesis sheds light on the limitations and taken-for-granted aspects of the hegemonic discourse and discusses what these alternative viewpoints could offer for the understanding of and theorizing for organizational creativity. This study leans on an assumption that the development of organizational creativity knowledge and the related discourse is not inevitable or progressive but rather contingent. The organizational creativity discourse has developed in a certain direction, meaning that some themes, perspectives, and methods, as well as assumptions, values, and objectives, have gained a hegemonic position over others, and are therefore often taken for granted and considered valid and relevant. The hegemonization of certain aspects, however, contributes to the marginalization of others. The thesis concludes that the hegemonic discourse on organizational creativity is based on an extensive coverage of certain themes and perspectives, such as those focusing on individual cognitive processes, motivation, or organizational climate and their relation to creativity, to name a few. The limited focus on some themes and the confinement to certain prevalent perspectives, however, results in the marginalization of other themes and perspectives. The negative, often unintended, consequences, implications, and side effects of creativity, the factors that might hinder or prevent creativity, and a deeper inquiry into the ontology and epistemology of creativity have attracted relatively marginal interest. The material embeddedness of organizational creativity, in other words, the physical organizational environment as well as the human body and its non-cognitive resources, has largely been overlooked in the hegemonic discourse, although thereare studies in this area that give reason to believe that they might prove relevant for the understanding of creativity. The hegemonic discourse is based on an individual-centered understanding of creativity which overattributes creativity to an individual and his/her cognitive capabilities, while simultaneously neglecting how, for instance, the physical environment, artifacts, social dynamics and interactions condition organizational creativity. Due to historical reasons, quantitative as well as qualitative yet functionally- oriented studies have predominated the organizational creativity discourse, although studies falling into the interpretationist paradigm have gradually become more popular. The two radical paradigms, as well as methodological and analytical approaches typical of radical research, can be considered to hold a marginal position in the field of organizational creativity. The hegemonic organizational creativity discourse has provided extensive findings related to many aspects of organizational creativity, although the con- ceptualizations and understandings of organizational creativity in the hegemonic discourse are also in many respects limited and one-sided. The hegemonic discourse is based on an assumption that creativity is desirable, good, necessary, or even obligatory, and should be encouraged and nourished. The conceptualiza- tions of creativity favor the kind of creativity which is useful, valuable and can be harnessed for productivity. The current conceptualization is limited to the type of creativity that is acceptable and fits the managerial ideology, and washes out any risky, seemingly useless, or negative aspects of creativity. It also limits the possible meanings and representations that ‘creativity’ has in the respective discourse, excluding many meanings of creativity encountered in other discourses. The excessive focus on creativity that is good, positive, productive and fits the managerial agenda while ignoring other forms and aspects of creativity, however, contributes to the dilution of the notion. Practices aimed at encouraging the kind of creativity may actually entail a risk of fostering moderate alterations rather than more radical novelty, as well as management and organizational practices which limit creative endeavors, rather than increase their likelihood. The thesis concludes that although not often given the space and attention they deserve, there are alternative conceptualizations and understandings of organizational creativity which embrace a broader notion of creativity. The inability to accommodate the ‘other’ understandings and viewpoints within the organizational creativity discourse runs a risk of misrepresenting the complex and many-sided phenomenon of creativity in organizational context. Keywords: Organizational creativity, creativity, organization studies, discourse theory, hegemony

Letters from the War of Ecosystems – An Analysis of Independent Software Vendors in Mobile Application Marketplaces

The recent emergence of a new generation of mobile application marketplaces has changed the business in the mobile ecosystems. The marketplaces have gathered over a million applications by hundreds of thousands of application developers and publishers. Thus, software ecosystems—consisting of developers, consumers and the orchestrator—have emerged as a part of the mobile ecosystem. This dissertation addresses the new challenges faced by mobile application developers in the new ecosystems through empirical methods. By using the theories of two-sided markets and business ecosystems as the basis, the thesis assesses monetization and value creation in the market as well as the impact of electronic Word-of-Mouth (eWOM) and developer multihoming— i. e. contributing for more than one platform—in the ecosystems. The data for the study was collected with web crawling from the three biggest marketplaces: Apple App Store, Google Play and Windows Phone Store. The dissertation consists of six individual articles. The results of the studies show a gap in monetization among the studied applications, while a majority of applications are produced by small or micro-enterprises. The study finds only weak support for the impact of eWOM on the sales of an application in the studied ecosystem. Finally, the study reveals a clear difference in the multi-homing rates between the top application developers and the rest. This has, as discussed in the thesis, an impact on the future market analyses—it seems that the smart device market can sustain several parallel application marketplaces.

Compaction of growth media based on Sphagnum peat during one-year culturing of container seedlings

Tiivistelmä: Turvepohjaisten kasvualustojen tiivistyminen yksivuotisessa paakkutaimikasvatuksessa