Korkeavaaleuksisen PGW-massan valmistaminen

Työssä haettiin optimaalista valkaisukemikaalien annostelusuhdetta mahdollisimman vaalean massan valmistamiseksi. Tarkoituksena oli myös selvittää käytettävän tehdasprosessin pullonkauloja ja esittää vaihtoehtoja prosessin kehittämiseksi. Kirjallisuusosassa tutustuttiin mekaanisen massan peroksidivalkaisuun ja erilaisiin prosessimalleihin sen suorittamiseksi. Kirjallisuudesta saatuja lähtötietoja sovellettiin sitten ensin laboratorio- ja laajemmin tehdaskokein käytäntöön. Laboratoriokokeissa haettiin optimaalista lipeäannosta vakioperoksidiannoksella. Lisäksi selvitettiin lämpötilan ja viipymäajan vaikutusta valkaisutulokseen. Tuloksista oli todettavissa, että sekä lämpötilan että lipeäannoksen kasvattaminen kiihdyttää valkaisureaktiota. Korkeammassa lämpötilassa tarvittava lipeäannos on pienempi. Lyhyellä viipymäajalla ja matalammalla lämpötilalla saavutetaan hyviä tuloksia vain suurella lipeäannoksella. Suurempaa silikaattiannosta käytettäessä valkaisun jälkeen mitattu loppupH oli korkeampi ja jäännösperoksidin määrä hieman suurempi kuin referenssipisteessä. Vaaleudessa ei merkittävää muutosta näkynyt. Yleisesti laboratoriokokeiden tulokset vastasivat kirjallisuudessa esitettyjä tuloksia. Tehdaskokeet suoritettiin kahdella peroksidiannoksella. Kummallekin peroksidiannokselle haettiin optimaalinen lipeäannos. Lisäksi seurattiin silikaattiannoksen vaikutusta syntyvään vaaleuteen. Varsinaisten kokeiden lisäksi suoritettiin lyhyt maksimivaaleuskoe suurella peroksidiannoksella käyttäen kahta eri lipeäannosta. Suurin mitattu vaaleus oli 79,3 % ISO. Peroksidiannoksella 2,5 % saavutettiin noin 14 ISO-yksikön vaaleudennousu, ja annoksella 3 % vaaleudennousu oli noin 16 yksikköä. Tehdaskokeiden aikana kokeiltiin myös kemikaalien laimennusveden määrän vaikutusta vaaleuteen. Veden määrän vähetessä valkaisusakeus nousi ja vaaleus parani. Hiomon nykyprosessille laadittiin aine- ja energiatase. Taseet tehtiin myös prosessille, jossa nykyvalkaisimoon on lisätty valkaistun massan pesu ja jäännöskemikaalien kierrätys. Taseiden tarkoituksena oli selvittää virtaavien jakeiden määriä ja prosessin energiatasapainoa eri tilanteissa. Massan puhtauden paranemista pesun aikana tarkasteltiin laskennallisesti. Tämän työn aikana kävi selväksi, että oikeilla valkaisukemikaalisuhteilla pystytään valmistamaan vaaleaa massaa. Viipymäaikaa lisäämällä valkaisuun saisi lisää tehoa, mutta vain tunnin viipymäajalla päästään jo hyviin tuloksiin. Vaaleusheittoja aiheuttavat valkaistavan massan lähtövaaleuden, sakeuden ja lämpötilan muutokset. Lisäksi viipymäajan muutokset aiheuttavat huojuntaa saavutettavaan loppuvaaleuteen.

Minimibiolietetuottoinen aktiivilieteprosessi massateollisuuden peroksidipitoisten jätevesien puhdistuksessa

Työ on tehty USF Aquaflow Oy:lle osana Cleantech 2000-projektia. USF Aquaflow Oy on suunnitellut minimibiolietetuottoisen reaktorin, MBP-reaktorin, toimivaksi osana aktiivilieteprosessia. Työn tavoitteena oli selvittää MBP-reaktorin toimintaa massateollisuuden peroksidipitoisilla jätevesillä. Pääpaino asetettiin MBP-reaktorin mikrobiologian tutkimiseen. Aktiivilieteprosessissa syntyvä bioliete on yksi metsäteollisuuden merkittävimmistä sivuainevirroista, jonka tuotantoa pyritään vähentämään ja käsiteltävyyttä parantamaan. MBP-reaktori aktiivilieteprosessissa vähentää koko prosessin lietteentuottoa, nostaa lietteen kuiva-ainepitoisuutta ja vähentää näin lietteen vaatimaa jatkokäsittelyn tarvetta. Työssä tutkittiin kahdella erilaisella jätevesijakeella peroksidin vaikutusta MBP-reaktorin COD-reduktioon, kiintoaineen kasvuun, lietteentuottoon ja mikrobiologiaan eri pituisilla viiveillä. MBP-reaktorin viive on suunniteltu aktiivilieteprosessin ilmastusaltaan viivettä huomattavasti lyhyemmäksi. Työn tuloksien perusteella lyhyellä viiveellä MBP-reaktorissa käynnistyy tehokas bakteeritoiminta, joka kuluttaa jäteveden COD:ta. Sellutehtaan jätevesille MBP-reaktorin toiminta on heikompaa kuin termomekaanisen massanvalmistuksen jätevesillä, johtuen sellun valmistuksessa käytetyistä kemikaaleista. Jätevedenpuhdistamon lietteen määrän vähentäminen on tällä hetkellä metsäteollisuuden tehtailla tärkeä jatkotutkimuksia vaativa kohde. MBP-reaktorin toiminnan takaamiseksi osana aktiivilieteprosessia tulisi jatkotutkimuksia suorittaa eri tyyppisille jätevesijakeille ja tarkkailla useampien kemikaalien vaikutusta reaktorin mikrobiologiaan, COD-reduktioon ja lietteentuottoon.

Stabilization of the ionic form of weak acid cation exchange resins

Weak acid cation exchange (WAC) resins are used in the chromatographic separation of betaine from vinasse, a by-product of sugar industry. The ionic form of the resin determines the elution time of betaine. When a WAC-resin is in hydrogen form, the retention time of betaine is the longest and betaine elutes as the last component of vi-nasse from the chromatographic column. If the feed solution contains salts and its pH is not acidic enough to keep the resin undissociated, the ionic form of the hydrogen form resin starts to alter. Vinasse contains salts and its pH is around 5, it also contains weak acids. To keep the metal ion content (Na/H ratio) of the resin low enough to ensure successful separation of betaine, acid has to be added to either eluent (water) or vinasse. The aim of the present work was to examine by laboratory experiments which option requires less acid. Also the retention mechanism of betaine was investigated by measuring retention volumes of acetic acid and choline in different Na/H ratios of the resin. It was found that the resulting ionic form of the resin is the same regardless of whether the regeneration acid is added to the eluent or the feed solution (vinasse). Be-sides the salt concentration and the pH of vinasse, also the concentration of weak acids in the feed affects the resulting ionic form of the resin. The more buffering capacity vinasse has, the more acid is required to keep the ionic form of the resin desired. Vinasse was found to be quite strong buffer solution, which means relatively high amounts of acid are required to prevent the Na/H ratio from increasing too much. It is known that the retention volume of betaine decreases significantly, when the Na/H ratio increases. This is assumed to occur, because the amount of hydrogen bonds between the carboxylic groups of betaine and the resin decreases. Same behavior was not found with acetic acid. Choline has the same molecular structure as betaine, but instead of carboxylic group it has hydroxide group. The retention volume of choline increased as the Na/H ratio of the resin increased, because of the ion exchange reaction between choline cation and dissociated carboxylic group of the resin. Since the retention behavior of choline on the resin is opposite to the behavior of be-taine, the strong affinity of betaine towards hydrogen form WAC-resin has to be based on its carboxylic group. It is probable that the quaternary ammonium groups also affect the behavior of the carboxylic groups of betaine, causing them to form hydrogen bonds with the carboxylic groups of the resin.

Bioenergiaa ja ravinteita kasvi- ja eläinperäisistä sivuainevirroista Parikkalassa

Euroopan unionissa pyritään lisäämään uusiutuvien energialähteiden käyttöä. Tämän työn tavoitteena oli selvittää Parikkalan kunnan alueella muodostuvat biomassat sekä tutkia niiden hyötykäyttömahdollisuuksia sähkön, lämmön sekä lannoitteiden tuotannossa. Käsiteltäviä biomassoja ovat eläintilojen lietteet ja lannat, biojätteet ja yhdyskuntalietteet, vesistöjen kunnostuksessa syntyvät biomassat sekä peltobiomassat ja metsäbiomassa. Mädätyksen kannalta olennaisinta on materiaalien kosteus ja haihtuvan orgaanisen aineksen pitoisuus sekä siitä saatava biokaasumäärä. Poltossa polttoaineen kuiva-aineen lämpöarvo ja kosteus määrittelevät saadun hyödyn. Kompostoinnissa on tärkeää huolehtia riittävästä ilman saannista ja riittävästä viipymäajasta. Hyödynnettäessä biokaasua sähkön ja lämmön yhteistuotannossa on tärkeää löytää hyötykäyttö myös muodostuvalle lämmölle. Poltosta saatavan tuhkan hyötykäyttö onnistuu metsälannoitteena, kun poltetaan turvetta tai puuta. Kompostia voidaan hyödyntää maanparannusaineena. Parikkalan alueella tarkasteltiin biomassojen nykyistä ja mahdollista tulevaa hyötykäyttöä. Tarkastelu tehtiin skenaarioiden avulla. Skenaarioihin kuuluvat mädätyksen ja polton maksimipotentiaalit sekä keskitetyn ja hajautetun käsittelyn skenaariot. Alueelta on saatavissa paljon biomassoja, joista massaltaan suurin on eläintilojen lannat. Alueella on hankaluutena löytää sopiva kulutuskohde biokaasusta tuotetulle lämmölle, mutta sopivana kohteena voisi toimia alueella oleva suuri sikala tai lämpökeskukset.

Active sulphide mine tailings impoundments as sources of contaminated drainage: controlling factors, methods of characterisation and geochemical constraints for mitigation

Low quality mine drainage from tailings facilities persists as one of the most significant global environmental concerns related to sulphide mining. Due to the large variation in geological and environmental conditions at mine sites, universal approaches to the management of mine drainage are not always applicable. Instead, site-specific knowledge of the geochemical behaviour of waste materials is required for the design and closure of the facilities. In this thesis, tailings-derived water contamination and factors causing the pollution were investigated in two coeval active sulphide mine sites in Finland: the Hitura Ni mine and the Luikonlahti Cu-Zn-Co-Ni mine and talc processing plant. A hydrogeochemical study was performed to characterise the tailingsderived water pollution at Hitura. Geochemical changes in the Hitura tailings were evaluated with a detailed mineralogical and geochemical investigation (solid-phase speciation, acid mine drainage potential, pore water chemistry) and using a spatial assessment to identify the mechanisms of water contamination. A similar spatial investigation, applying selective extractions, was carried out in the Luikonlahti tailings area for comparative purposes (Hitura low-sulphide tailings vs. Luikonlahti sulphide-rich tailings). At both sites, hydrogeochemistry of tailings seepage waters was further characterised to examine the net results of the processes observed within the impoundments and to identify constraints for water treatment. At Luikonlahti, annual and seasonal variation in effluent quality was evaluated based on a four-year monitoring period. Observations pertinent to future assessment and mine drainage prevention from existing and future tailings facilities were presented based on the results. A combination of hydrogeochemical approaches provided a means to delineate the tailings-derived neutral mine drainage at Hitura. Tailings effluents with elevated Ni, SO₄ ^2- and Fe content had dispersed to the surrounding aquifer through a levelled-out esker and underneath the seepage collection ditches. In future mines, this could be avoided with additional basal liners in tailings impoundments where the permeability of the underlying Quaternary deposits is inadequate, and with sufficiently deep ditches. Based on the studies, extensive sulphide oxidation with subsequent metal release may already initiate during active tailings disposal. The intensity and onset of oxidation depended on e.g. the Fe sulphide content of the tailings, water saturation level, and time of exposure of fresh sulphide grains. Continuous disposal decreased sulphide weathering in the surface of low-sulphide tailings, but oxidation initiated if they were left uncovered after disposal ceased. In the sulphide-rich tailings, delayed burial of the unsaturated tailings had resulted in thick oxidized layers, despite the continuous operation. Sulphide weathering and contaminant release occurred also in the border zones. Based on the results, the prevention of sulphide oxidation should already be considered in the planning of tailings disposal, taking into account the border zones. Moreover, even lowsulphide tailings should be covered without delay after active disposal ceases. The quality of tailings effluents showed wide variation within a single impoundment and between the two different types of tailings facilities assessed. The affecting factors included source materials, the intensity of weathering of tailings and embankment materials along the seepage flow path, inputs from the process waters, the water retention time in tailings, and climatic seasonality. In addition, modifications to the tailings impoundment may markedly change the effluent quality. The wide variation in the tailings effluent quality poses challenges for treatment design. The final decision on water management requires quantification of the spatial and seasonal fluctuation at the site, taking into account changes resulting from the eventual closure of the impoundment. Overall, comprehensive hydrogeochemical mapping was deemed essential in the identification of critical contaminants and their sources at mine sites. Mineralogical analysis, selective extractions, and pore water analysis were a good combination of methods for studying the weathering of tailings and in evaluating metal mobility from the facilities. Selective extractions with visual observations and pH measurements of tailings solids were, nevertheless, adequate in describing the spatial distribution of sulphide oxidation in tailings impoundments. Seepage water chemistry provided additional data on geochemical processes in tailings and was necessary for defining constraints for water treatment.

Water circulations for effective bleaching of high-brightness mechanical pulps

The amount of water available is usually restricted, which leads to a situation where a complete understanding of the process, including water circulations and the influence of water components, is essential. The main aim of this thesis was to clarify the possibilities for the efficient use of residual peroxide by means of water circulation rearrangements. Rearranging water circulations and the reduction of water usage may cause new problems, such as metal induced peroxide decomposition that needs to be addressed. This thesis introduces theoretical methods of water circulations to combine two variables; effective utilization of residual peroxide and avoiding manganese in the alkaline peroxide bleaching stage. Results are mainly based on laboratory and mill site experiments concerning the utilization of residual peroxide. A simulation model (BALAS) was used to evaluate the manganese contents and residual peroxide doses. It was shown that with optimum recirculation of residual peroxide the brightness can be improved or chemical costs can be decreased. From the scientific perspective, it was also very important to discover that recycled peroxide was more effective pre-bleaching agent compared to fresh peroxide. This can be due to the organic acids i.e. per acetic acid in wash press filtrate that have been formed in alkaline bleaching stage. Even short retention time was adequate and the activation of residual peroxide using sodium hydroxide was not necessary. There are several possibilities for using residual peroxide in practice regarding bleaching. A typical modern mechanical pulping process line consist of defibering, screening, a disc filter, a bleach press, high consistency (HC) peroxide bleaching and a wash press. Furthermore there usually is not a particular medium consistency (MC) pre-bleaching stage that includes additional thickening equipment. The most advisable way to utilize residual peroxide in this kind of process is to recycle the wash press filtrate to the dilution of disc filter pulp (low MC pre-bleaching stage). An arrangement such as this would be beneficial in terms of the reduced convection of manganese to the alkaline bleaching stage. Manganese originates from wood material and will be removed to the water phase already in the early stages of the process. Recycling residual peroxide prior to the disc filter is not recommended because of low consistencies. Regarding water circulations, the novel point of view is that, it would be beneficial to divide water circulations into two sections and the critical location for the division is the disc filter. Both of these two sections have their own priority. Section one before the disc filter: manganese removal. Section two after the disc filter: brightening of pulp. This division can be carried out if the disc filter pulp is diluted only by wash press filtrate before the MC storage tower. The situation is even better if there is an additional press after the disc filter, which will improve the consistency of the pulp. This has a significant effect on the peroxide concentration in the MC pre-bleaching stage. In terms of manganese content, it is essential to avoid the use of disc filter filtrate in the bleach press and wash press showers. An additional cut-off press would also be beneficial for manganese removal. As a combination of higher initial brightness and lower manganese content, the typical brightness increase varies between approximately 0.5 and 1% ISO units after the alkaline peroxide bleaching stage. This improvement does not seem to be remarkable, but as it is generally known, the final brightness unit is the most expensive and difficult to achieve. The estimation of cost savings is not unambiguous. For example in GW/TMP mill case 0.6% ISO units higher final brightness gave 10% savings in the costs of bleaching chemicals. With an hypothetical 200 000 ton annual production, this means that the mill could save in the costs of bleaching chemicals more than 400 000 euros per year. In general, it can be said that there were no differences between the behavior of different types of processes (GW, PGW, TMP and BCTMP). The enhancement of recycling gave a similar response in all cases. However, we have to remember that the utilization of residual peroxide in older mills depends a great deal on the process equipment, the amount of water available and existing pipeline connections. In summary, it can be said that processes are individual and the same solutions cannot be applied to all cases.

Kaasun dispergoituminen tehdasmittakaavaisessa keskisakean massan sekoittimessa

Työn tarkoituksena oli selvittää Proto 10 kemikaalisekoittimen kyky dispergoida kaasua keskisakean valkaistun mäntysellun joukkoon. Työssä käytettiin kuvantamistekniikkaa, jonka avulla pystyttiin näkemään sekoittimen ja putkiston sisälle sekoitustapahtuman aikana. Muodostunutta dispersiota tarkasteltiin kolmesta kuvauspisteestä, joista yksi sijaitsi sekoittimen pesässä ja kaksi putkistossa sekoittimen jälkeen. Työssä verrattiin myös laboratoriosekoittimella saatuja tuloksia teollisen mittakaavan sekoittimella saatuihin tuloksiin, sekä määritettiin tarvittava pinta-aktiivisen aineen konsentraatio, jolla saavutettiin ruskeaa massaa vastaava vaahtoaminen. Työn kokeellinen osuus koostui kolmesta osasta. Ensimmäisessä vaiheessa tutkittiin ruskeasta mänty- ja koivumassasta lingotun suodoksen vaahtoamista ja verrattiin sitä vedellä ja pesuaineella saatavaan vaahtoon. Toisessa vaiheessa suoritettiin referenssiajot laboratoriosekoittimen ja teollisen mittakaavan sekoittimen vertailua varten Quantum Mark IV laboratoriosekoittimella. Kolmannessa vaiheessa tutkittiin Proto 10 sekoittimen kykyä dispergoida kaasua mäntysellun joukkoon eri pyörimisnopeuksilla ja virtaamilla. Työn tuloksien perusteella energiankäytön kannalta paras pyörimisnopeus Proto 10 sekoittimelle on 1500 min-1. Nostamalla kierrosnopeutta yli tämän ei saavutettu merkittävää parannusta dispersion laadussa varsinkaan suuremmilla virtaamilla. Virtaamalla todettiin olevan suuri merkitys sekoitustulokseen. Laboratoriosekoittimella tehtyjen kokeiden todettiin vastaavan parhaiten teollisen mittakaavan tuloksia pyörimisnopeudella 1200 min-1.

Typenpoiston tehostaminen kunnallisessa jätevedenpuhdistuksessa membraanibioreaktorin avulla

Tämä diplomityö tehtiin Vihdin Vesihuoltolaitoksen Nummelan jäteveden puhdistamolle. Työssä tutkittiin typenpoistoa kunnallisista jätevesistä membraanibioreaktorin (MBR) avulla. MBR:ssä yhdistyvät perinteinen aktiivilieteprosessi ja kalvosuodatus. Työn tavoite oli päästä yli 95 % typenpoistoon. Aluksi typenpoisto oli yli 80 %, kun pilot-mittakaavan MBR-laitosta operoitiin perinteisen prosessin parametrein. Typenpoistoa onnistuttiin tehostamaan nostamalla nitraattipitoisen palautuslietteen kierrätystä prosessin alkupäähän (1600 L/h) ja lisäämällä aktiivista biomassaa reaktorissa. Yli 90 % typenpoisto edellytti myös pidempää viipymäaikaa (noin kaksinkertainen perinteiseen prosessiin verrattuna). Tutkimuksessa päästiin parhaimmillaan jopa 95 % typenpoistumaan operoimalla laitteistoa pienellä typpikuormalla (0,1 kg/vrk) ja alhaisemmalla lietepitoisuudella (10 g/L). Typpikuorman noustessa (0,3 kg/vrk) typenpoistoteho laski. Tätä onnistuttiin parantamaan (yli 90 %) nostamalla biomassan määrää reaktorissa (15 g/L). Hyvän typenpoiston saavuttaminen edellytti myös suurempaa metanolin ja hapen syöttöä.

Virtuaalinen käyttöönottoympäristö automaatiojärjestelmälle

Valmistavan teollisuuden kiristyvät vaatimukset suunnittelusta markkinoille -ajassa (engl. time-to-market), laadussa, kustannustehokkuudessa ja turvallisuudessa luovat paineita uusien toimintatapojen etsimisessä. Usein laitteiston ohjausalgoritmeja ei ole mahdollista testata todellisen laitteiston kanssa, vaan ainoaksi ennakoivaksi vaihtoehdoksi jää todellisen laitteiston virtuaalinen mallintaminen. Eräs uusista toimintavoista on virtuaalinen käyttöönotto, jossa tuotantolinja tai laitteisto mallinnetaan ja sen käyttäytymistä simuloidaan ohjausalgoritmien parantamista ja todentamista varten. Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli toteuttaa virtuaalinen käyttöönottoympäristö, jolla laitteiston 3D-mallinnettua virtuaalista mallia voidaan ohjata reaaliajassa todellisen laitteiston ohjauslaitteistolla. Käyttöönottoympäristön toteuttamisen lopullisena tavoitteena on tutkia, millaisia hyötyjä sillä voidaan saavuttaa Outotec (Finland) Oy:n automaatiojärjestelmien suunnittelussa ja käyttöönotossa kiristyvien vaatimusten täyttämiseksi. Työssä toteutetulla käyttöönottoympäristöllä pystytään simuloimaan 3D-mallinnetun laitteiston osan toimintaa reaaliajassa. Todellisen laitteiston ominaisuuksista määritettyjä vaatimuksia ei kustannussyistä täytetty, sillä ennen sitä haluttiin varmistua valitun alustan ominaisuuksista, toimivuudesta ja soveltuvuudesta. Toteutuksen katsotaan kuitenkin täyttävän pehmeän reaaliaikaisuuden kriteerin noin 40 ms aikatasolla ja 80 ms reaktioajalla. Toteutettu virtuaalinen käyttöönottoympäristö osoittautui toimivaksi ja soveltuvaksi, sekä sen todettiin tuovan potentiaalisia hyötyjä Outotec (Finland) Oy:lle, esimerkiksi kosketusnäyttöjen visualisoinnin parannus, hybridikäyttöönottomahdollisuus sekä automaatio-ohjauksien kehittäminen. Työn perusteella arvioidaan onko Outotec:lla tarvetta jatkaa valitulla alustalla todellisen laitteiston aikavaatimukset täyttävään reaaliaika-toteutukseen, jota työssä esitellään.

Time-varying Risk Premiums and Conditional Market Risk: Empirical Evidence from European Stock Markets

This study investigates the relationship between the time-varying risk premiums and conditional market risk in the stock markets of the ten member countries of Economy and Monetary Union. Second, it examines whether the conditional second moments change over time and are there asymmetric effects in the conditional covariance matrix. Third, it analyzes the possible effects of the chosen testing framework. Empirical analysis is conducted using asymmetric univariate and multivariate GARCH-in-mean models and assuming three different degrees of market integration. For a daily sample period from 1999 to 2007, the study shows that the time-varying market risk alone is not enough to explain the dynamics of risk premiums and indications are found that the market risk is detected only when its price is allowed to change over time. Also asymmetric effects in the conditional covariance matrix, which is found to be time-varying, are clearly present and should be recognized in empirical asset pricing analyses.

Characterization of Microparticle Retention Systems with Retention Process Analyzer

In the literature survey retention mechanisms, factors effecting retention and microparticles were studied. Also commercial microparticle retention systems and means to measure retention were studied. Optical retention measurement with RPA and Lasentec FBRM was studied. The experimental part contains study of different cationic polyacrylamides, anionic silica, bentonite and new generation micropolymer. In these studies the dosage, dosing order and dosing history were changing factors. The experimental work was done with RPA-apparatus with which, the retention process can be followed in real time. In testing was found that silica yielded better retention, when dosed nontraditionally before the polymer. Also silica was very dependant on the polymer dosage. With bentonite good colloidal retention was achieved with relatively low doses. Unlike silica bentonite was not dependant on polymer dosage. The relation of bentonite and polymer dosage is more defining when high retention is wanted. With 3-component systems using bentonite very high retention was achieved. With silica no improvement in retention was found in 3-component systems compared to dual component systems.

Regime Switching Models for Electricity Time Series that Capture Fat Tailed Distributions

In the power market, electricity prices play an important role at the economic level. The behavior of a price trend usually known as a structural break may change over time in terms of its mean value, its volatility, or it may change for a period of time before reverting back to its original behavior or switching to another style of behavior, and the latter is typically termed a regime shift or regime switch. Our task in this thesis is to develop an electricity price time series model that captures fat tailed distributions which can explain this behavior and analyze it for better understanding. For NordPool data used, the obtained Markov Regime-Switching model operates on two regimes: regular and non-regular. Three criteria have been considered price difference criterion, capacity/flow difference criterion and spikes in Finland criterion. The suitability of GARCH modeling to simulate multi-regime modeling is also studied.

A comparison of electricity spot prices simulation using ARMA-GARCH and mean-reverting models

The aim of this work is to compare two families of mathematical models for their respective capability to capture the statistical properties of real electricity spot market time series. The first model family is ARMA-GARCH models and the second model family is mean-reverting Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models. These two models have been applied to two price series of Nordic Nord Pool spot market for electricity namely to the System prices and to the DenmarkW prices. The parameters of both models were calibrated from the real time series. After carrying out simulation with optimal models from both families we conclude that neither ARMA-GARCH models, nor conventional mean-reverting Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models, even when calibrated optimally with real electricity spot market price or return series, capture the statistical characteristics of the real series. But in the case of less spiky behavior (System prices), the mean-reverting Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model could be seen to partially succeeded in this task.

The effect of the birth hospital and the time of birth on the outcome of Finnish very preterm infants

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the birth hospital and the time of birth on mortality and the long-term outcome of Finnish very low birth weight (VLBW) or very low gestational age (VLGA) infants. This study included all Finnish VLBW/VLGA infants born at <32 gestational weeks or with a birth weight of ≤1500g, and controls born full-term and healthy. In the first part of the study, the mortality of VLBW/VLGA infants born in 2000–2003 was studied. The second part of the study consisted of a five-year follow-up of VLBW/VLGA infants born in 2001–2002. The study was performed using data from parental questionnaires and several registers. The one-year mortality rate was 11% for live-born VLBW/VLGA infants, 22% for live-born and stillborn VLBW/VLGA infants, and 0% for the controls. In live-born and in all (including stillbirths) VLBW/VLGA infants, the adjusted mortality was lower among those born in level III hospitals compared with level II hospitals. Mortality rates of live-born VLBW/VLGA infants differed according to the university hospital district where the birth hospital was located, but there were no differences in mortality between the districts when stillborn infants were included. There was a trend towards lower mortality rates in VLBW/VLGA infants born during office hours compared with those born outside office hours (night time, weekends, and public holidays). When stillborn infants were included, this difference according to the time of birth was significant. Among five-year-old VLBW/VLGA children, morbidity, use of health care resources, and problems in behaviour and development were more common in comparison with the controls. The health-related quality of life of the surviving VLBW/VLGA children was good but, statistically, it was significantly lower than among the controls. The median and the mean number of quality-adjusted life-years were 4.6 and 3.6 out of a maximum five years for all VLBW/VLGA children. For the controls, the median was 4.8 and the mean was 4.9. Morbidity rates, the use of health care resources, and the mean quality-adjusted life-years differed for VLBW/VLGA children according to the university hospital district of birth. However, the time of birth, the birth hospital level or university hospital district were not associated with the health-related quality of life, nor with behavioural and developmental scores of the survivors at the age of five years. In conclusion, the decreased mortality in level III hospitals was not gained at the expense of long-term problems. The results indicate that VLBW/VLGA deliveries should be centralized to level III hospitals and the regional differences in the treatment practices should further be clarified. A long-term follow-up on the outcome of VLBW/VLGA infants is important in order to recognize the critical periods of care and to optimise the care. In the future, quality-adjusted life-years can be used as a uniform measure for comparing the effectiveness of care between VLBW/VLGA infants and different patient groups

Knowledge Sharing between Generations in an Organisation - Retention of the Old or Building the New?

The study explores knowledge transfer between retiring employees and their successors in expert work. My aim is to ascertain whether there is knowledge development or building new knowledge related to this organisational knowledge transfer between generations; in other words, is the transfer of knowledge from experienced, retiring employees to their successors merely retention of the existing organisational knowledge by distributing it from one individual to another or does this transfer lead to building new and meaningful organisational knowledge. I call knowledge transfer between generations and the possibly related knowledge building in this study knowledge sharing between generations. The study examines the organisation and knowledge management from a knowledge-based and constructionist view. From this standpoint, I see knowledge transfer as an interactive process, and the exploration is based on how the people involved in this process understand and experience the phenomenon studied. The research method is organisational ethnography. I conducted the analysis of data using thematic analysis and the articulation method, which has not been used before in organisational knowledge studies. The primary empirical data consists of theme interviews with twelve employees involved in knowledge transfer in the organisation being studied and five follow-up theme interviews. Six of the interviewees are expert duty employees due to retire shortly, and six are their successors. All those participating in the follow-up interviews are successors of those soon to retire from their expert responsibilities. The organisation in the study is a medium-sized Finnish firm, which designs and manufactures electrical equipment and systems for the global market. The results of the study show that expert work-related knowledge transfer between generations can mean knowledge building which produces new, meaningful knowledge for the organisation. This knowledge is distributed in the organisation to all those that find it useful in increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of the whole organisation. The transfer and building of knowledge together create an act of knowledge sharing between generations where the building of knowledge presupposes transfer. Knowledge sharing proceeds between the expert and the novice through eight phases. During the phases of knowledge transfer the expert guides the novice to absorb the knowledge to be transferred. With the expert’s help the novice gradually comes to understand the knowledge and in the end he or she is capable of using it in his or her work. During the phases of knowledge building the expert helps the novice to further develop the knowledge being transferred so that it becomes new, useful knowledge for the organisation. After that the novice takes the built knowledge to use in his or her work. Based on the results of the study, knowledge sharing between generations takes place in interaction and ends when knowledge is taken to use. The results I obtained in the interviews by the articulation method show that knowledge sharing between generations is shaped by the novices’ conceptions of their own work goals, knowledge needs and duties. These are not only based on the official definition of the work, but also how the novices find their work or how they prioritise the given objectives and responsibilities. The study shows that the novices see their work primarily as maintenance or development. Those primarily involved in maintenance duties do not necessarily need knowledge defined as transferred between generations. Therefore, they do not necessarily transfer knowledge with their assigned experts, even though this can happen in favourable circumstances. They do not build knowledge because their view of their work goals and duties does not require the building of new knowledge. Those primarily involved in development duties, however, do need knowledge available from their assigned experts. Therefore, regardless of circumstances they transfer knowledge with their assigned experts and also build knowledge because their work goals and duties create a basis for building new knowledge. The literature on knowledge transfer between generations has focused on describing either the knowledge being transferred or the means by which it is transferred. Based on the results of this study, however, knowledge sharing between generations, that is, transfer and building is determined by how the novice considers his or her own knowledge needs and work practices. This is why studies on knowledge sharing between generations and its implementation should be based not only on the knowledge content and how it is shared, but also on the context of the work in which the novice interprets and shares knowledge. The existing literature has not considered the possibility that knowledge transfer between generations may mean building knowledge. The results of this study, however, show that this is possible. In knowledge building, the expert’s existing organisational knowledge is combined with the new knowledge that the novice brings to the organisation. In their interaction this combination of the expert’s “old” and the novice’s “new” knowledge becomes new, meaningful organisational knowledge. Previous studies show that knowledge development between the members of an organisation is the prerequisite for organisational renewal which in turn is essential for improved competitiveness. Against this background, knowledge building enables organisational renewal and thus enhances competitiveness. Hence, when knowledge transfer between generations is followed by knowledge building, the organisation kills two birds with one stone. In knowledge transfer the organisation retains the existing knowledge and thus maintains its competitiveness. In knowledge building the organisation developsnew knowledge and thus improves its competitiveness.