Suorituskyvynmittausjärjestelmä osaksi yritystä dynaamisessa kontekstissa : Organisaation elinkaaren näkökulma

Tässä tutkielmassa kuvataan suorituskykymittariston suunnittelua, implementointia ja käyttöä yrityksen elinkaaren näkökulmasta. Perusajatuksena elinkaarimalleissa on organisaation elinkaaren jakaminen toisistaan eroteltaviin vaiheisiin, joiden ilmentymiä kuvataan valittujen muuttujien avulla. Tutkielmassa selvitetään, onko organisaation elinkaaren eri vaiheissa olevilla yrityksillä erilaiset valmiudet suorituskykymittariston käyttöönotossa. Tutkielmassa kuvaillaan niitä haasteita, joita dynaamisessa ympäristössä toimiva muuttuva organisaatio asettaa suorituskykymittaristolle ja sen parissa toimiville henkilöille. Tutkimusmenetelmä perustuu teoreettiselle lähestymistavalle ja aineistona käytetään tieteellisiä julkaisuja suorituskykymittaristojen käyttöä ja organisaation elinkaarta tutkivasta kirjoittelusta. Analyysin paljastamat tutkimustulokset viittaavat siihen, että eri elinkaaren vaiheissa olevilla organisaatioilla on merkittävästi erilaiset valmiudet suorituskykymittaristojen menestyksekkääseen suunnitteluun, implementointiin ja käyttöön.

The Market Behavior of Emerging Stock Markets in Europe

This study investigates the over and underreaction effects in nine emerging stock markets of Europe. Especially, the possible behavioral aspects behind them are an area of interest. These aspects would link them strongly to behavioral finance. Second, our aim is to provide more evidence of the similar or dissimilar behavior in general among these countries. Third, the possibility to gain abnormal returns from these markets is also under investigation. Data from nine emerging stock market indexes in Europe is gathered from January 1, 1998 to January 1, 2008 to find answers to the stated questions. Studies for the over and underreaction effects are done using a variant of the event study methodology which in this case includes two different calculation methods for the expected returns. Studies are performed using 60 day time intervals. The results between the two different methods used are relatively similar concerning the over and underreaction effects. Another of the methods, however, suggests there to be behavioral aspects behind the effects interpreted. On the other hand, the another method does not support this suggestion. However, a conclusion can be made that the factors driving these countries' behavior are related to their geographical location and to the fact that they are emerging countries.

Role of ErbB2 and ErbB4 in Cancer Growth, Prognosis and as Targets for Immunotherapy

ErbB receptors (EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4) are growth factor receptors that regulate signals of cell differentiation, proliferation, migration and survival. Inappropriate activation of these receptors is associated with the development and severity of many cancers and has prognostic and predictive value in cancer therapy. Drugs, such as therapeutic antibodies, targeted against EGFR and ErbB2, are currently used in therapy of breast, colorectal and head and neck cancers. The role of ErbB4 in tumorigenesis has remained relatively poorly understood. Alternative splicing produces four different isoforms of one ErbB4 gene. These isoforms (JM-a, JM-b, CYT-1 and CYT-2) are functionally dissimilar and proposed to have different roles in carcinogenesis. The juxtamembrane form JM-a undergoes regulated intramembrane proteolysis producing a soluble receptor ectodomain and an intracellular domain that translocates into the nucleus and regulates transcription. Nuclear signaling via JM-a isoform stimulates cancer cell proliferation. This study aimed to develop antibodies targeting the proposed oncogenic ErbB4 JM-a isoform that show potential in inhibiting ErbB4 dependent tumorigenesis. Also, the clinical relevance of ErbB4 shedding in cancer was studied. The currently used monoclonal antibody trastuzumab, targeting ErbB2, has shown efficacy in breast cancer therapy. In this study novel tissues with ErbB2 amplification and trastuzumab sensitivity were analyzed. The results of this study indicated that a subpopulation of breast cancer patients demonstrate increased shedding and cleavage of ErbB4. A JM-a isoform-specific antibody that inhibited ErbB4 shedding and consequent activation of ErbB4 had anti-tumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, ErbB4 shedding associates with tumor growth and specific targeting of the cleavable JM-a isoform could be considered as a strategy for developing novel ErbB-based cancer drugs. In addition, it was demonstrated that ErbB2 amplification is common in intestinal type gastric cancers with poor clinical outcome. Trastuzumab inhibited growth of gastric and breast cancer cells with equal efficacy. Thus, ErbB2 may be a useful target in gastric cancer.

Feasibility study of metal to polymer hybrid joining

The increasing demand for lightweight components has led to a huge exploitation of non-metallic materials such as polymers, fibers and elastomers in industrial and manufacturing processes. Recent trends towards cost effectiveness, weight reduction and production flexibility in industrial production and manufacturing processes has led to a growing interest in hybrid components where two or more dissimilar materials coexist to achieving specifically optimized characteristics. The importance of this research is to serve as a bridge to understanding the theories behind various joining techniques and the adaptation of the process for metal to polymer hybrid joints. Moreso, it helps companies to select the most productive and yet economical joining process for realization of lightweight metal to polymer hybrid components. This thesis is a literature review analyzing various materials that has been published on various joining methods for metal to polymer hybrid joints on the feasibility and eventual realization of the joint between these dissimilar materials. This study is aimed at theoretically evaluating the feasibility of joining processes between metal and plastic components by exploiting exhaustively joining and welding sources.

Sähkögeneraattoriosien hitsauksen tuottavuuden kehittäminen

Hitsauksen tuottavuuteen vaikuttavat hitsausmäärä, käytetyt prosessit ja laatu. Työn teoriaosuudessa tutustutaan hitsauksen tuottavuuteen sekä suunnittelullisesta että valmistuksellisesta näkökulmasta. Hitsauksen laadulliset asiat, kuten laatustandardit ja vaatimukset käydään läpi keskittyen standardin SFS-EN ISO 3834 kattaviin laatuvaatimuksiin. Rikkomaton ja rikkova aineenkoetus ja yleisimmät hitsausvirheet esitetään yleisellä tasolla. Hitsausprosesseista esitetään MIG/MAG- ja MAG-täytelankahitsauksen sekä pulssihitsauksen perusteet. Tässä diplomityössä tutkitaan pulssihitsauksen soveltuvuutta sähkögeneraattorin staattoripaketin eripariliitoksen hitsaukseen ja kykyä parantaa sekä tuottavuutta että laatua. Tutkimus perustuu koehitsauksiin ja niiden perusteella tehtyihin johtopäätöksiin. Lisäksi pohditaan sisätuulettimien hitsauksen kehittämistä ja annetaan kehitysehdotus valmistusprosessista. Koehitsauksien perusteella pulssihitsaus on hyvä prosessiparannus staattoripakettien hitsaukseen. Kohdistettu valokaari ja alhaisempi lämmöntuonti verrattuna perinteiseen MAG-hitsaukseen sekä hitsauksen yksinkertaisuus tuovat etuja eripariliitoksen hitsauksen laatuun. Kustannuslaskelmien myötä hitsausprosessin muutoksen odotetaan tuovan kustannussäästöjä. Hitsauslaadun parantuessa ja jälkityöstön määrän vähentyessä hitsausprosessin muutos on kannattava.

Energy and raw material consumption analysis of powder bed fusion: case study: CNC machining and laser additive manufacturing

Laser additive manufacturing (LAM), known also as 3D printing, is a powder bed fusion (PBF) type of additive manufacturing (AM) technology used to manufacture metal parts layer by layer by assist of laser beam. The development of the technology from building just prototype parts to functional parts is due to design flexibility. And also possibility to manufacture tailored and optimised components in terms of performance and strength to weight ratio of final parts. The study of energy and raw material consumption in LAM is essential as it might facilitate the adoption and usage of the technique in manufacturing industries. The objective this thesis was find the impact of LAM on environmental and economic aspects and to conduct life cycle inventory of CNC machining and LAM in terms of energy and raw material consumption at production phases. Literature overview in this thesis include sustainability issues in manufacturing industries with focus on environmental and economic aspects. Also life cycle assessment and its applicability in manufacturing industry were studied. UPLCI-CO2PE! Initiative was identified as mostly applied exiting methodology to conduct LCI analysis in discrete manufacturing process like LAM. Many of the reviewed literature had focused to PBF of polymeric material and only few had considered metallic materials. The studies that had included metallic materials had only measured input and output energy or materials of the process and compared to different AM systems without comparing to any competitive process. Neither did any include effect of process variation when building metallic parts with LAM. Experimental testing were carried out to make dissimilar samples with CNC machining and LAM in this thesis. Test samples were designed to include part complexity and weight reductions. PUMA 2500Y lathe machine was used in the CNC machining whereas a modified research machine representing EOSINT M-series was used for the LAM. The raw material used for making the test pieces were stainless steel 316L bar (CNC machined parts) and stainless steel 316L powder (LAM built parts). An analysis of power, time, and the energy consumed in each of the manufacturing processes on production phase showed that LAM utilises more energy than CNC machining. The high energy consumption was as result of duration of production. Energy consumption profiles in CNC machining showed fluctuations with high and low power ranges. LAM energy usage within specific mode (standby, heating, process, sawing) remained relatively constant through the production. CNC machining was limited in terms of manufacturing freedom as it was not possible to manufacture all the designed sample by machining. And the one which was possible was aided with large amount of material removed as waste. Planning phase in LAM was shorter than in CNC machining as the latter required many preparation steps. Specific energy consumption (SEC) were estimated in LAM based on the practical results and assumed platform utilisation. The estimated platform utilisation showed SEC could reduce when more parts were placed in one build than it was in with the empirical results in this thesis (six parts).

Hitsatun alumiinirakenteen suunnittelu

Alumiiniseosten käyttö konstruktiomateriaalina lisääntyy johtuen sen lukuisista variaatioista lujuuden ja muovattavuuden suhteen. Alumiinin keveys on merkittävä kilpailuetu teräkseen nähden. Alumiiniseosten hitsattavuus on parantunut hitsausmenetelmien kehittyessä. Uusilla menetelmillä lämmöntuontia hallitaan paremmin, kuten myös alumiinin huokoisuutta sekä lujuuden laskua hitsauksen yhteydessä. Tässä diplomityössä tutkitaan alumiinin metallurgiaa, hitsausmenetelmiä, sekä alumiinin ja teräksen sekaliitoksen toteutusta. Tutkimuksella pyritään tekemään hitsatun alumiinirakenteen suunnittelua ymmärrettävämmäksi. SFS-EN standardit antavat perustuksen alumiinirakenteen suunnittelulle. Tässä diplomityössä tehdään suunnitteluesimerkki hitsatun alumiinirakenteen hitsien suunnittelusta. Suunnitteluesimerkissä tutkitaan alumiiniseoksen lujuuden laskua hitsattaessa, ja etsitään standardien antamia ratkaisuja toimivan hitsatun rakenteen toteuttamiseksi.